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:''For the object-oriented programming language, see Gello Expression Language.'' In mythology, Gello, also Gyllou, Gylou, or Gillo, is a female demon or revenant who threatens the reproductive cycle by causing infertility, spontaneous abortion, and infant mortality. By the Byzantine era, the ''gello'' ((ギリシア語:γελλώ); plural γελλούδες ''gelloudes'') had become a type of demonic possession rather than an individual being. Women might be tried for being ''gelloudes'' or subjected to exorcism. ==The names of Gello== Aramaic inscriptional evidence of a child-snatching demon appears on a silver ''lamella'' (metal-leaf sheet) from Palestine and two incantation bowls dating to the 5th or 6th century; on these she is called ''Sideros'' (Greek for iron, a traditional protection for women during childbirth). Under various names, she continues to appear in medieval Christian manuscripts written in Greek, Coptic, Ethiopian, Armenian, Romanian, Slavonic, Syriac, Arabic, and Hebrew. In literary texts and on amulets, the demon's adversaries are Solomon, saints, or angels.〔Texts, translations, and commentary in Joseph Naveh and Shaul Shaked, ''Amulets and Magic Bowls: Aramaic Incantations of Late Antiquity'' (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1985), pp. 104–122, 189–197. For references on using iron in childbirth, including Jewish, Polish, Armenian, and Arab practice, see p. 121, note 23. It is unlikely but not impossible that the demon Sideros is related to the Greek mythological figure Sidero.〕 Knowledge of a demon's name was required to control or compel it; a demon could act under an alias. Redundant naming is characteristic of magic charms, "stressing," as A.A. Barb noted in his classic essay "Antaura,"〔A.A. Barb, "Antaura. The Mermaid and the Devil's Grandmother: A Lecture," ''Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes'' 29 (1966), p. 4.〕 "the well-known magic rule that the omission of a single one can give the demons a loophole through which they can work their harm."〔Extensive discussion on the power of naming in Karen Hartnup, ''On the Beliefs of the Greeks: Leo Allatios and Popular Orthodoxy'' (Brill, 2004), pp. 97–101 (online. )〕 In one Greek tale set in the time of “Trajan the King,” the demon under torture reveals her “twelve and a half names”: Elsewhere, the twelve-and-a-half names are given as Gylo, Morrha, Byzo, Marmaro, Petasia, Pelagia, Bordona, Apleto, Chomodracaena, Anabardalaea,〔Anabardalaea is also given as a name of Abyzou on a Byzantine amulet; Jeffrey Spier, “Medieval Byzantine Magical Amulets and Their Tradition,” ''Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes'' 56 (1993), p. 30.〕 Psychoanaspastria, Paedopniktria, and Strigla.〔Hartnup, ''On the Beliefs of the Greeks'', p. 98. In William Francis Ryan, ''The Bathhouse at Midnight: An Historical Survey of Magic and Divination in Russia'' (Penn State Press, 1999), p. 246 (online ), the names are transliterated as Gylou, Morra, Byzou, Marmarou, Petasia, Pelagia, Bordona, Apletou, Chamodrakaina, Anabardalaia, Psychanospastria, Paidopniktria and Strigla.〕 Although magic words (''voces magicae'') have often been corrupted in transmission or deliberately exoticized,〔''Voces magicae'', including the naming of supernatural beings, are discussed at length by William M. Brashear, “The Greek Magical Papyri: 'Voces Magicae',” ''Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt'' II, 18.5 (1995), pp. 3422–3438, limited preview (online. )〕 several of these names suggest recognizable Greek elements and can be deciphered as functional epithets: Petasia, "she who strikes"; Apleto, "boundless, limitless"; Paedopniktria, "child suffocator." Byzo is a form of Abyzou, ''abyssos'', "the Deep," to which Pelagia ("she of the sea") is equivalent.〔Hartnup, "On the Beliefs of the Greeks," pp. 99–100.〕 Gello is named also in works by the polymaths John of Damascus (7th–8th century) and Michael Psellos (11th century), the latter of whom notes that he has found her only in "an apocryphal Hebrew book" ascribed to Solomon〔The ''Testament of Solomon''?〕 and not in his usual sources for demonic names in antiquity.〔Michael Psellos, ''Philosophica minora'' (Leipzig, 1989), vol. 1, p. 164, as cited by Paul Magdalino and Maria Mavroudi, introduction to ''The Occult Sciences in Byzantium'', p. 15 (online. )〕 Psellos was one of the earliest scholars to identify Gello with the Hebrew Lilith, and says that these demons "suck blood and devour all the vital fluids which are in the little infant."〔Hartnup, "On the Beliefs of the Greeks," pp. 85–86.〕 The 17th-century Greek Catholic scholar Leo Allatios, however, criticizes Psellos and insists that the ''gello'', Lilith and other demonic creatures should be regarded as separate and unrelated.〔Hartnup, "On the Beliefs of the Greeks," p. 158.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Gello」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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