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A gender bender (slang: one who genderfucks) is a person who disrupts, or "bends", expected gender roles. Gender bending is sometimes a form of social activism undertaken to destroy rigid gender roles and defy sex-role stereotypes, notably in cases where the gender bender finds these roles oppressive. It can be a reaction to, and protest of, homophobia or transphobia. Some gender benders identify with the gender assigned them at birth, but "challenge" the norms of that gender presentation through androgynous dress, adornment, behaviour, and atypical gender roles. Gender benders may self-identify as trans or genderqueer. However, many trans people do not consider themselves "gender benders". Genderbending may be political, stemming from the early identity politics movements of the 1950s and 1960s, a guiding principle of which is the idea that the personal is political.〔Elisa Glick. Sex Positive: Feminism, Queer Theory, and the Politics of Transgression. Feminist Review, No. 64, Feminism 2000: One Step beyond?. (Spring, 2000), pp. 19–45.〕 In his 1974 article, ''Genderfuck and Its Delights'',〔Christopher Lonc. Genderfuck and Its Delights. Gay Sunshine 21 (Spring 1974).〕 Christopher Lonc explained his motivation for performing genderfuck: "I want to criticize and poke fun at the roles of women and of men too. I want to try and show how not-normal I can be. I want to ridicule and destroy the whole cosmology of restrictive sex roles and sexual identification."〔Quoted in 〕 The term ''genderfuck'' has long been part of the gay vernacular, and started to appear in written documents in the 1970s. Sheidlower cites the definition of the term ''gender fuck'' in L Humphreys' 1972 work ''Out of the Closets: Sociology of Homosexual Liberation'' as "a form of extended guerilla theatre". Also quoted is ''Rolling Stone'' magazine, Aug 30th, in reference to the glam rock style: "The new "macho" transvestism, called vulgarly "gender-fuck", a curious satire of female impersonation – dresses, pumps, full make-up and beards – Is represented by, among others, three men in WAC uniforms and big moustaches". ==Gender binary== To "fuck with" gender, one must have an expectation to be able to rebel against. These expectations are socially constructed and can vary widely between cultures. In many cultures it is only acceptable for an individual to embody one of two polar gender roles; this is known as the gender binary. In these cultures, for a person to be seen as belonging in a particular gender category the individual must not only have a particular genital and chromosomal makeup, but must conform to that culture's ideas of appropriate sex-role stereotypes, including sexual orientation. To this end, those who go against expected conduct, for example gays and lesbians, may be seen as "less than" or "other". In western cultures, gender roles have changed somewhat over the years. However, mainstream western culture still tends to expect stereotypical "feminine" behaviours from females, and "masculine" sex-role stereotypes from males. A study by Princeton University outlined these common, prescriptive gender stereotypes: "masculine" - acts as a leader, aggressive, ambitious, analytical, assertive, athletic, competitive, defends own beliefs, dominant, forceful, has leadership abilities, independent, individualistic, makes decisions easily, self-reliant, self-sufficient, strong-personality, willing to take a stand, and willing to take risks. "Feminine" sex-role stereotypes, as defined by this same study included: affectionate, cheerful, childlike, compassionate, does not use harsh language, eager to soothe hurt feelings, flatterable, gentle, gullible, loves children, loyal, sensitive to the needs of others, shy, soft-spoken, sympathetic, tender, understanding, warm, and yielding. In Christian and Jewish cultures, gender roles and gender presentation have been policed since Biblical times: "The woman shall not wear that which pertaineth unto a man, neither shall a man put on a woman's garment; for all that do so are abomination unto the Lord thy God" (Deut. 22:5). Crossing these lines has been interpreted by some Christians as a moral transgression. However, other cultures - often Indigenous Peoples, or subcultures that exist within Western cultures - may see their people as potentially fulfilling more than one gender role. These cultures may have more than two gender roles as part of their social structure. Other cultures may see people as being capable of embodying more than one of these roles, or of having no gender at all. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Gender bender」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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