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''Geonoma'' is a genus of small to medium-sized palms native to the forest understorey of tropical Central and South America. This palm genus is one of the largest in the Neotropics.〔Henderson ''et al.'' (1995)〕 Its 64 species are distributed from Mexico and Haiti in the north to Paraguay in the south; two are found in the insular Caribbean.〔Morici (2004)〕 The genus is a member of the palm tribe Geonomeae (Arecaceae: Arecoideae), an important Neotropical group due to its wide distribution across Central and South America, its diversity and abundance, and the use of a number of species by local human populations.〔Roncal, J. Francisco-Ortega, C.B. Asmussen, and C.E. Lewis (2005). 'Molecular phylogenetics of the tribe Geonomeae (Arecaceae) using nuclear DNA sequences of Phosphoribulokinase and RNA Polymerase II'. (Systematic Botany 30(2): 275–283).〕 The distribution of the tribe Geonomeae stretches from southeast Mexico down through Central America and into South America, notably Brazil and Bolivia, and species are also found in the Greater and Lesser Antilles.〔Wessels Boer (1968) as cited by Roncal, J. Francisco-Ortega, C.B. Asmussen, and C.E. Lewis (2005). 'Molecular phylogenetics of the tribe Geonomeae (Arecaceae) using nuclear DNA sequences of Phosphoribulokinase and RNA Polymerase II'. (Systematic Botany 30(2): 275–283)〕 This tribe consists of a group of understory and sub-canopy palms that populate both tropical lowland and montane forests. While members of this group are relatively easy to collect, as they are not canopy palms or spiny palms, and are well represented in herbaria, the taxonomy and phylogeny of the species within the tribe are still uncertain.〔Roncal, J. Francisco-Ortega, C.B. Asmussen, and C.E. Lewis (2005). 'Molecular phylogenetics of the tribe Geonomeae (Arecaceae) using nuclear DNA sequences of Phosphoribulokinase and RNA Polymerase II'. (Systematic Botany 30(2): 275–283)〕〔Asmussen, C.B. and Chase, M.W. (2001) 'Coding and noncoding plastid DNA in palm systematics' (American Journal of Botany 88: 1103–1117)〕 The resolution of the tribe has been disputed despite the fact that Geonomeae species are characterized by three morphological synapomorphies: the petals of pistillate flowers are basally connate, the presence of slender and elongate styles, and the flowers are borne in pits in the rachillae.〔Uhl and Dransfield 1987 as cited by Roncal, J. Francisco-Ortega, C.B. Asmussen, and C.E. Lewis (2005). 'Molecular phylogenetics of the tribe Geonomeae (Arecaceae) using nuclear DNA sequences of Phosphoribulokinase and RNA Polymerase II'. (Systematic Botany 30(2): 275–283)〕 ==Species〔Govaerts ''et al.'' (2008)〕== * ''Geonoma appuniana'' Spruce * ''Geonoma arundinacea'' Mart. * ''Geonoma aspidiifolia'' Spruce * ''Geonoma atrovirens'' Borchs. & Balslev * ''Geonoma baculifera'' (Poit.) Kunth * ''Geonoma brenesii'' Grayum * ''Geonoma brevispatha'' Barb.Rodr. * ''Geonoma brongniartii'' Mart. * ''Geonoma camana'' Trail * ''Geonoma chlamydostachys'' Galeano-Garcés * ''Geonoma chococola'' Wess.Boer * ''Geonoma concinna'' Burret * ''Geonoma congesta'' H.Wendl. ex Spruce * ''Geonoma cuneata'' H.Wendl. ex Spruce * ''Geonoma densa'' Linden & H.Wendl. * ''Geonoma deversa'' (Poit.) Kunth * ''Geonoma divisa'' H.E.Moore * ''Geonoma epetiolata'' H.E.Moore * ''Geonoma ferruginea'' H.Wendl. ex Spruce * ''Geonoma gamiova'' Barb.Rodr. * ''Geonoma gastoniana'' Glaz. ex Drude * ''Geonoma hoffmanniana'' H.Wendl. ex Spruce * ''Geonoma hugonis'' Grayum & Nevers * ''Geonoma interrupta'' (Ruiz & Pav.) Mart. * ''Geonoma irena'' * ''Geonoma jussieuana'' Mart. in A.D.d'Orbigny * ''Geonoma laxiflora'' Mart. * ''Geonoma leptospadix'' Trail * ''Geonoma linearis'' Burret * ''Geonoma longipedunculata'' Burret * ''Geonoma longivaginata'' H.Wendl. ex Spruce * ''Geonoma macrostachys'' Mart. * ''Geonoma maxima'' (Poit.) Mart. * ''Geonoma monospatha'' de Nevers * ''Geonoma mooreana'' de Nevers & Grayum * ''Geonoma myriantha'' Dammer * ''Geonoma oldemanii'' Granv. * ''Geonoma oligoclona'' Trail * ''Geonoma orbignyana'' Mart. in A.D.d'Orbigny * ''Geonoma paradoxa'' Burret * ''Geonoma paraguanensis'' H.Karst. * ''Geonoma pauciflora'' Mart. * ''Geonoma poeppigiana'' Mart. in A.D.d'Orbigny * ''Geonoma pohliana'' Mart. * ''Geonoma polyandra'' Skov * ''Geonoma polyneura'' Burret * ''Geonoma rubescens'' H.Wendl. ex Drude * ''Geonoma santanderensis'' Galeano & R.Bernal * ''Geonoma schottiana'' Mart. * ''Geonoma scoparia'' Grayum & Nevers * ''Geonoma seleri'' Burret * ''Geonoma simplicifrons'' Willd. * ''Geonoma spinescens'' H.Wendl. * ''Geonoma stricta'' (Poit.) Kunth * ''Geonoma supracostata'' Svenning * ''Geonoma talamancana'' Grayum * ''Geonoma tenuissima'' H.E.Moore * ''Geonoma triandra'' (Burret) Wess.Boer * ''Geonoma triglochin'' Burret * ''Geonoma trigona'' (Ruiz & Pav.) A.H.Gentry * ''Geonoma umbraculiformis'' Wess.Boer * ''Geonoma undata'' Klotzsch – Red Crownshaft Palm * ''Geonoma weberbaueri'' Dammer ex Burret * ''Geonoma wilsonii'' Galeano & R.Bernal Species formerly placed in this genus include ''Calyptronoma occidentalis'' (= ''Geonoma swartzii'') and ''Calyptronoma plumeriana'' (= ''Geonoma dulcis, G. intermedia, G. plumeriana''). ==Footnotes== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Geonoma」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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