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''Geoplana'' is a genus of land planarians from South America. == Taxonomic History == The genus ''Geoplana'' was erected in 1857 by William Stimpson and included most land planarians with several eyes distributed along the body.〔Stimpson, W. (1857). ''Prodromus descriptionis animalium evertebratorum quæ in Expeditione ad Oceanum, Pacificum Septentrionalem a Republica Federata missa, Johanne Rodgers Duce, observavit er descripsit. Pars I. Turbellaria Dendrocœla.'' Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 9:19-31.〕 Species with only two eyes were placed in the genus ''Rhynchodemus'', while species with a crescent-shaped head were placed in ''Bipalium''. In the same year, apparently unaware of Stimpson's paper, the naturalist Max Schultze, based on published information and new species collected in Brazil by the naturalist Fritz Müller, also erected a genus named ''Geoplana'', but included all land planarians in it.〔Schultze, M. and Müller, F. (1857). ''Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Landplanarien.'' Abhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Halle. 4:61-74.〕 However, Stimpson's system prevailed. During most of the 20th century, many new land planarian species, mostly from Australia and South America, were placed in ''Geoplana''. In 1955, Eudóxia Maria Froehlich defined that ''Geoplana vaginuloides'' would be the type-species of ''Geoplana'', as it was the first species listed by Stimpson.〔Froehlich, E. M. (1955). ''Sobre Espécies Brasileiras do Gênero Geoplana.'' Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras da Universidade de São Paulo, Série Zoologia. 19:289-339.〕 In 1990, Robert E. Ogren and Masaharu Kawakatsu published a review of the classification of land planarians and divided ''Geoplana'' in four genera: ''Geoplana'', ''Gigantea'', ''Notogynaphallia'' and ''Pasipha''. ''Geoplana'' retained all species with dorsal testes, a protrusible penis and a female canal entering the genital antrum dorsally. Species with ventral testes, without a protrusible penis or with a female canal entering the genital antrum ventrally were placed in other genera.〔Ogren, R. E. and Kawakatsu, M. (1990). ''Index to the specis of the family Geoplanidae (Turbellaria, Tricladida, Terricola) Part I: Geoplaninae.'' Bulletin of Fujis Women's College. 29: 79-166.〕 During the 21st century, molecular studies revealed that ''Geoplana'' sensu Ogren & Kawakatsu was still heterogeneous. A study published in 2013 by Carbayo et al., based on molecular data, divided ''Geoplana'' in 6 genera: ''Geoplana'', ''Barreirana'', ''Cratera'', ''Matuxia'', ''Obama'', and ''Paraba''. Only three species remained as ''Geoplana'', along with several ''incertae sedis''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Geoplana」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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