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Geosiphon
''Geosiphon'' is a genus of fungi in the Geosiphonaceae family. The genus is monotypic, containing the single species ''Geosiphon pyriformis'', first described by Kützing in 1849 as ''Botrydium pyriforme''.〔Kützing FT. (1848). ''Species algarum''. Lipsiae (FA Brockhaus): Leipzig.〕 In 1915, Von Wettstein characterized ''Geosiphon pyriforme'' as a multinucleate alga containing endosymbiotic cyanobacteria, although he also noted the presence of chitin, a component of fungal cell walls.〔Wettstein F von. (1915). ''Geosiphon'' Fr Wettst, eine neue, interessante Siphonee. Österr Bot Z'' 65: 145–56.〕 In 1933, Knapp was the first to suggest the fungal origin of the species and described it as a lichen with endosymbiotic cyanobacteria.〔Knapp E. (1933). Über ''Geosiphon pyriforme'' Fr. Wettst., eine intrazelluläre Pilz-Algen-Symbiose. ''Ber Dtsch Bot Ges'' 51: 210–17.〕 It is the only member of the Glomeromycota to not form a symbiosis with terrestrial plants in the form of Arbuscular mycorrhiza.
==Life cycle==
''Geosiphon pyriformis'' is known for being the symbiont of ''Nostoc''. The ''Geosiphon''-''Nostoc'' symbiosis, as by modern definitions, is not a lichen, since it is an intracellular association. Also, by functional and evolutionary implications it is more comparable to the arbuscular mycorrhiza symbioses than to lichens.
The ''Geosiphon''-''Nostoc'' symbiosis is the only known fungal endosymbiosis with cyanobacteria and is characterised by a "siphonal bladder" that is made of a swollen fungal hypha, 0.5–2 mm in size and growing on the soil surface. The upper 2/3 of the "bladder" contains the ''Nostoc'' filaments and Nostoc heterocysts, the lower 1/3 is filled with lipid droplets.〔Alexopolous CJ, Mims CW, Blackwell M. ''Introductory Mycology, 4thed.'' (John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken NJ, 2004) ISBN 0-471-52229-5〕
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