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Geshe (Tib. ''dge bshes'', short for ''dge-ba'i bshes-gnyen'', "virtuous friend"; translation of Skt. ''kalyāņamitra'') is a Tibetan Buddhist academic degree for monks and nuns. The degree is emphasized primarily by the Gelug lineage, but is also awarded in the Sakya and Bön traditions.〔Quotation: The ''geshe'' degree in the Gelug school is comparable to a western doctorate in Buddhist philosophy. The difference is that it usually takes more than twenty years to complete.〕 ==History== The title ''Geshe'' was first applied to esteemed Kadampa masters such as Geshe Chekawa Yeshe Dorje (1102-1176), who composed an important ''lojong'' text called ''Seven Points of Mind Training'' and Geshe Langri Tangpa (''dGe-bshes gLang-ri Thang-pa'', 1054-1123). The ''geshe'' curriculum represents an adaptation of subjects studied at Indian Buddhist monastic universities such as Nālandā. These centers were destroyed by Islamic invaders of India, leaving Tibet to continue the tradition. It first developed within the Sakya monastic lineage, where it was known as ''ka-shi'' ("four subjects") or ''ka-chu'' ("ten subjects"). The Sakyas also granted degrees at the conclusion of these studies, on the basis of proficiency in dialectical ritualized debate. In Tsongkhapa's time the Sakya degree was awarded at Sangphu, Kyormolung and Dewachen (later Ratö) monasteries. The ''geshe'' degree flowered under the Gelug monastic lineage. Under Gelug domination, monks from various monastic lineages would receive training as ''geshes'' through the great Gelug monasteries. Gelugpa ''geshes'' often went on to study at one of Lhasa's tantric colleges, Gyütö or Gyüme. (The tantric colleges also grant a "geshe" title for scholarship in the tantras.) Under Sakya and Gelug influence, the Kagyu and Nyingma monastic lineages developed their own systems of scholarly education. Their schools grant the degree of ''ka-rabjampa'' ("one with unobstructed knowledge of scriptures") as well as the title ''Khenpo'', which the Gelug tradition reserves for abbots. The course of study which prevails in Kagyu and Nyingma circles emphasizes commentary over debate, and focuses on a somewhat wider selection of classics (with accordingly less detail). It ideally lasts for nine years, concluding with a three-year, three-month meditation retreat. In April 2011, the Institute for Buddhist Dialectical Studies (IBD) in Dharamsala, India, conferred the degree of ''geshe'' to Venerable Kelsang Wangmo, a German nun, thus making her the world's first female geshe.〔http://www.mandalamagazine.org/2012/geshe-kelsang-wangmo-an-interview-with-the-worlds-first-female-geshe/〕 In 2013 Tibetan women were able to take the Geshe exams for the first time.〔 〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Geshe」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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