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}} The Ghurids or Ghorids ((ペルシア語:سلسله غوریان); self-designation: , ''Shansabānī'') were a dynasty of Eastern Iranian descent (presumably Tajik, but the exact ethnic origin is uncertain),〔C. E. Bosworth: (GHURIDS ). In Encyclopaedia Iranica. 2001 (last updated in 2012). Online edition.〕 from the Ghor region of present-day central Afghanistan. The dynasty converted to Sunni Islam after the conquest of Ghor by the Ghaznavid emperor Mahmud of Ghazni in 1011. Abu Ali ibn Muhammad (reigned 1011–1035) was the first Muslim king of the Ghurid dynasty to construct mosques and Islamic schools in Ghor. The dynasty overthrew the Ghaznavid Empire in 1186, when Sultan Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad of Ghor conquered the last Ghaznavid capital of Lahore.〔(Kingdoms of South Asia – Afghanistan in Far East Kingdoms: Persia and the East )〕 At their zenith, the Ghurid empire encompassed Khorasan in the west and reached northern India as far as Bengal in the east.〔Encyclopedia Iranica, ''Ghurids'', Edmund Bosworth, Online Edition 2001, (())〕 Their first capital was Firozkoh in Mandesh, Ghor, which was later replaced by Herat,〔(Firuzkuh: the summer capital of the Ghurids ), by David Thomas, pg. 18.〕 while Ghazni〔''The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture: Three-volume set'', by Jonathan Bloom, Sheila Blair, pg. 108.〕 and Lahore were used as additional capitals, especially during winters. The Ghurids were patrons of Persian culture and heritage.〔Finbarr Barry Flood, ''Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter'', (Princeton University Press, 2009), 13.〕 The Ghurids were succeeded in Khorasan and Persia by the Khwarezmian dynasty, and in northern India by the Mamluk dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate. ==Origins== In the 19th century, some European scholars, such as Mountstuart Elphinstone, favoured the idea that the Ghurid dynasty relate to today's Pashtun people,〔Elphinstone, Mountstuart. The History of India. Vol. 1. J. Murray, 1841. Web. 29 Apr. 2010. (Link ): ''"...the prevalent and apparently the correct opinion is, that both they and their subjects were Afghans. "'' & ''"In the time of Sultan Mahmud it was held, as has been observed, by a prince whom Ferishta calls Mohammed Soory (or Sur) Afghan."'' p.598-599〕〔A short history of India: and of the frontier states of Afghanistan, Nipal, and Burma, (Wheeler, James Talboys ), ((LINK )): ''"The next conqueror after Mahmud who made a name in India, was Muhammad Ghori, the Afghan."''〕〔Balfour, Edward. The Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia, Commercial Industrial, and Scientific: Products of the Mineral, Vegetable, and Animal Kingdoms, Useful Arts and Manufactures. 3rd ed. Vol. 2. London: Bernard Quaritch, 1885. Web. 29 Apr. 2010. (Link ): ''"IZ-ud-DIN Husain, the founder of the Ghori dynaasty, was a native of Afghansitan. The origin of the house of Ghor has, however, been much discussed, – the prevailing opinion being that both they and their subjects were an Afghan race. "'' p.392〕 but this is generally rejected by modern scholarship, and, as explained by Morgenstierne in the Encyclopaedia of Islam, is for "various reasons very improbable". Instead, the consensus in modern scholarship (incl. Morgenstierne, Bosworth, Dupree, Gibb, Ghirshman, Longworth Dames and others) holds that the dynasty was most likely of Tajik origin.〔Encyclopaedia Iranica, "Ghurids", C.E. Bosworth, ((LINK )): ''". . . The Ghurids came from the Šansabānī family. The name of the eponym Šansab/Šanasb probably derives from the Middle Persian name Wišnasp (Justi, Namenbuch, p. 282). . . . The chiefs of Ḡūr only achieve firm historical mention in the early 5th/11th century with the Ghaznavid raids into their land, when Ḡūr was still a pagan enclave. Nor do we know anything about the ethnic stock of the Ḡūrīs in general and the Šansabānīs in particular; we can only assume that they were eastern Iranian Tajiks. . . . The sultans were generous patrons of the Persian literary traditions of Khorasan, and latterly fulfilled a valuable role as transmitters of this heritage to the newly conquered lands of northern India, laying the foundations for the essentially Persian culture which was to prevail in Muslim India until the 19th century. . . ."''〕〔Encyclopaedia of Islam, "Ghurids", C.E. Bosworth, Online Edition, 2006: ''"... The Shansabānīs were, like the rest of the Ghūrīs, of eastern Iranian Tājik stock ..."''〕 Bosworth further points out that the actual name of the Ghurid family, ''Āl-e Šansab'' (Persianized: ''Šansabānī''), is the Arabic pronunciation of the originally Middle Persian name ''Wišnasp'', hinting at a (Sasanian) Persian origin.〔Encyclopaedia Iranica, "Ghurids", C.E. Bosworth, ((LINK )); with reference to Justi, ''"Namenbuch"'', p. 282〕 The Ghuristan region remained primarily populated by Hindus and Buddhists till the 12th century. It was then Islamised and gave rise to the Ghurids. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ghurid dynasty」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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