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Gigaku , also known as 〔, p.357-8, on ''gigaku men" (mask)〕 refers to an extinct genre of masked drama-dance performance, imported into Japan during the Asuka period. ==History== Records state that it was introduced during the 20th year of reign of Empress Suiko (612.〔〔, under Japan, subsection "Chinese and Korean influence" p.559〕) by a certain Mimaji ()〔〔 volume=5, page=483-4, article on gigaku by :ja:吉川英史 (Kikkawa, Eishi, 1909~2006, traditional music related art historian)〕 from Kudara kingdom (Baekje), one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. The masked dance was performed in silent mime,〔 to the accompaniment of music.〔 The flute, waist drum (or hip drum;〔 (), also known as 〔), and , a type of gong, were the three instruments used in the Nara Period, though the gong was superseded by a type of cymbal () in the early Heian Period (9th century).〔, p.207〕 About the only surviving description of the performance comes from the musical treatise forming a part of the ' (『教訓抄』; "Selections for Instructions and Admonition" 〔, p.37-〕) authored by (died 1242).〔 According to this, the ''netori'' or tuning of instruments signals the start, followed by a prelude of instruments.〔 Then there is a parading of the whole cast, both dancers and instrumentalists.〔 It has been speculated that the character mask named ' "Govern the way" probably took position at the front of the parade,〔, p.914 on "Chido""〕 especially as this mask is listed first off in the assets ledgers () for some of the temples that house gigaku masks.〔 The program opens with the Lion Dance (Shishimai),〔 and solo dances by the Duke of Wu,〔 wrestler, the birdman karura, and the Brahman priest. There are two wrestler archetype characters, the or "Vajra-yakṣa" who is open-mouthed,〔, p562, on ''Kongō" and p.1559 on "Rikishi"〕 and the who is closed mouthed.〔〔, p.85, p.101, etc.〕 These two are said to be analogous to the two Niō or guardian gate statues, who respectively form the open and closed A-un shapes in their mouths.〔〔 With the exaggerated features of many of the masks, the content of the play is described as being farcical.〔 Indeed, the two-part play of the (or Konron; Chinese:Kunlun nu which denotes a black man or negrito〔, p.37n, quote:"Konron (Chinese: K'un-lun) is an ithyphallic being who presumbably represents the dark-skinned native of South Asia.." etc.〕) and the Rikishi (wrestler or "Strong Man") is outright obscene.〔 In the ribald performance, the lascivious Kuron falls in lust for the Gojo (Wu woman or Chinese maiden), and expresses his desire by holding up his phallic prop called , and beating it with his hand fan.〔 The comic dance maneuvers are referred to as . In subsequent development, the Kuron is subdued by the Rikishi who binds the Kuron by his equipment (''marakata''), and drags him along by the noose around his manhood.〔 The gigaku is closely related to sangaku (散楽), and may be considered a variant imported via the Korean route, rather than more directly from China.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Gigaku」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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