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Nivkh people
The Nivkh (also Nivkhs, Nivkhi, or Gilyak; ethnonym: Nivxi; language, нивхгу - Nivxgu) are an indigenous ethnic group inhabiting the northern half of Sakhalin Island and the region of the Amur River estuary in Russia's Khabarovsk Krai. Nivkh were traditionally fishermen, hunters, and dog breeders. They were semi-nomadic, living near the coasts in the summer and wintering inland along streams and rivers to catch salmon. The land the Nivkh inhabit is characterized as taiga forest with cold snow-laden winters and mild summers with sparse tree cover.〔 The Nivkh are believed to be the original inhabitants of the region deriving from a proposed Neolithic people migrating from the Transbaikal region during the Late Pleistocene.〔Fitzhugh, William , and Durbreui pp.39,40〕
The Nivkh suffered heavily from foreign influences, the first of which was the migration of the Tungusic peoples. Later, the Qing Dynasty of China forced the Nivkh to pay tribute to them. In 1850s–1860s, Russian Cossacks annexed and colonized Nivkh lands, where they are a small, often neglected, minority today.〔Bassett, p.1〕〔Jesup Exhibition: (" Culture: Nivkh (Gilyak)" ) - American Museum of Natural History - New York, New York〕 Today, the Nivkh live in Russian-style housing and with the over-fishing and pollution of the streams and seas, they have adopted many foods from Russian cuisine. The Nivkh practice shamanism, which is important for the winter Bear festival, though some have converted to Russian Orthodoxy.〔Chaussonnet, pp. 34,35〕
As of the 2002 Russian Federation census, 5,287 Nivkh exist. Most speak Russian today, and about 10 percent speak their indigenous Nivkh language. Nivkh is considered an isolate language, although it is grouped, for convenience, with the Paleosiberian languages. The Nivkh language is divided into four dialects.〔Mattissen, p.515〕
==Etymology==
Nivkh (plural Nivkhgu), an endonym, means "person" in the Nivkh language. They may also be referred to as Nivkhi in 1920's Western literature, due to romanization of the Russian term "", which is the plural of "" (''nivkh''). In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Russian explorers first termed the group ''Gilyak'' (also ''Giliaks'' or ''Giliatski''). The etymology of the name "Gilyak" is disputed by linguists, with some believing the name originated from an exonym given to the Nivkhs by a nearby Tungusic group. Other scholars believe that "Gilyak" derives from ''Kile'', another nearby Tungusic group that the Russians had mistakenly named Nivkhs.〔Gall, pp.2-4〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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