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Glossopteris
''Glossopteris'' ( , meaning "tongue", because the leaves were tongue-shaped) is the largest and best-known genus of the extinct order of seed ferns known as Glossopteridales (or in some cases as Arberiales or Dictyopteridiales).
==History==
The Glossopteridales arose in the Southern Hemisphere around the beginning of the Permian Period ().〔McLoughlin, S., 2012. Glossopteris – insights into the architecture and relationships of an iconic Permian Gondwanan plant. ''Journal of the Botanical Society of Bengal'' 65(2), 1–14.〕 Their distribution across several, now detached, landmasses led Eduard Suess, amongst others, to propose that the southern continents were once amalgamated into a single supercontinent—Pangea.〔McLoughlin, S. 2001. "The breakup history of Gondwana and its impact on pre-Cenozoic floristic provincialism". ''Australian Journal of Botany'', 49: 271-300.〕 These plants went on to become the dominant elements of the southern flora through the rest of the Permian but disappeared in almost all places at the end of the Permian ().〔McLoughlin, S., Lindström, S. & Drinnan, A.N. 1997 "Gondwanan floristic and sedimentological trends during the Permian-Triassic transition: new evidence from the Amery Group, northern Prince Charles Mountains, East Antarctica". ''Antarctic Science'', 9: 281-298.〕〔Vajda, V. & McLoughlin, S. 2007. "Extinction and recovery patterns of the vegetation across the Cretaceous–Palaeogene boundary — a tool for unravelling the causes of the end-Permian mass-extinction". ''Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology'' 144: 99–112.〕〔Lindström, S. & McLoughlin, S. 2007. "Synchronous palynofloristic extinction and recovery after the end- Permian event in the Prince Charles Mountains, Antarctica: implications for palynofloristic turnover across Gondwana". ''Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology'' 145: 89-122.〕 The only convincing Triassic records are very earliest Triassic leaves from Nidpur, India,〔Pant, D.D. & Pant, R., 1987. Some Glossopteris leaves from Indian Triassic beds. ''Palaeontographica'' 205B, 165-178.〕 but even these records are somewhat questionable owing to faulting and complex juxtapositioning of Permian and Triassic strata at Nidpur. Although most modern palaeobotany textbooks cite the continuation of glossopterids into later parts of the Triassic and, in some cases into the Jurassic, these ranges are erroneous and are based on misidentification of morphologically similar leaves such as ''Gontriglossa'',〔Anderson, J. M. & Anderson, H. M., 1985. "Palaeoflora of southern Africa. Prodomus of southern African megafloras Devonian to Lower Cretaceous". A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam. 423 pp.〕 ''Sagenopteris'', or ''Mexiglossa''.〔Delevoryas, T. & Person, C.P. 1975. "Mexiglossa varia gen. et sp. nov., a new genus of glossopteroid leaves from the Jurassic of Oaxaca, Mexico". ''Palaeontographica'' A 154, 114-120.〕 Glossopterids were, thus, one of the major casualties of the end-Permian mass extinction event.〔McLoughlin, S., Lindström, S. & Drinnan, A.N. 1997. "Gondwanan floristic and sedimentological trends during the Permian-Triassic transition: new evidence from the Amery Group, northern Prince Charles Mountains, East Antarctica". ''Antarctic Science'', 9: 281-298.〕
More than 70 fossil species of this genus have been recognized in India alone,〔Chandra, S. & Surange, K.R. 1979. "Revision of the Indian species of Glossopteris". Monograph 2. Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow. 301 pp.〕 with additional species from South America, Australia,〔McLoughlin, S. 1994. "Late Permian plant megafossils from the Bowen Basin, Queensland, Australia: Part 2". ''Palaeontographica'' 231B: 1-29.〕〔McLoughlin, S. 1994. "Late Permian plant megafossils from the Bowen Basin, Queensland, Australia: Part 3. ''Palaeontographica'' 231B: 31-62".〕 Africa, Madagascar〔Appert, O., 1977. "Die Glossopterisflora der Sakoa in südwest Madagaskar". ''Palaeontographica'' 162B, 1 50.〕 and Antarctica.〔Pigg, K. B., 1990. "Anatomically preserved Glossopteris foliage from the central Transantarctic Mountains". ''Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology'' 66, 105-127.〕 Essentially, ''Glossopteris'' was restricted to the middle- and high-latitude parts of Gondwana during the Permian 〔McLoughlin, S. 2001. "The breakup history of Gondwana and its impact on pre-Cenozoic floristic provincialism". ''Australian Journal of Botany'', 49: 271-300〕 and was an important contributor to the vast Permian coal deposits of the Southern Hemisphere continents.〔Holdgate G.R., McLoughlin, S., Drinnan A.N., Finkelman, R.B., Willett, J.C. & Chiehowsky, L.A., 2005." Inorganic chemistry, petrography and palaeobotany of Permian coals in the Prince Charles Mountains, East Antarctica". ''International Journal of Coal Geology'' 63: 156-177.〕 Most northern parts of South America and Africa lack ''Glossopteris'' and its associated organs. However, in recent years a few disparate localities in Morocco, Oman, Anatolia, the western part of the island of New Guinea, Thailand and Laos have yielded fossils that are of possible glossopterid affinity.〔McLoughlin, S., 2012. "Glossopteris – insights into the architecture and relationships of an iconic Permian Gondwanan plant". ''Journal of the Botanical Society of Bengal'' 65(2), 1–14.〕 These peri-gondwanan records commonly occur together with Cathaysian or Euramerican plant species—the assemblages representing a zone of mixing between the strongly provincial floras of the Permian.〔Meyen, S.V., 1987. ''Fundamentals of palaeobotany'' Chapman and Hall, London. 432 pp.〕 Apart from those in India and the peri-gondwanan localities, a few other fossils from the Northern Hemisphere have been assigned to this group, but these are not identified with great certainty. For example, specimens assigned to ''Glossopteris'' from the far east of Russia in the 1960s are more likely to be misdentifications of other gymnosperms such as ''Pursongia''.〔Zimina. V.G. 1967. "On Glossopteris and Gangamopteris in Permian deposits of the Southern Maratime Territory". ''Paleontological Journal'' 2, 98-106.〕 Confident assignment of fossil leaves to ''Glossopteris'' normally requires their co-preservation with the distinctive segmented roots of this group (called ''Vertebraria'') or with the distinctive fertile organs.〔McLoughlin, S., 2012." Glossopteris – insights into the architecture and relationships of an iconic Permian Gondwanan plant". ''Journal of the Botanical Society of Bengal'' 65(2), 1–14.〕This is weird :3
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