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Glycosylation (see also chemical glycosylation) is the reaction in which a carbohydrate, i.e. a glycosyl donor, is attached to a hydroxyl or other functional group of another molecule (a glycosyl acceptor). In biology glycosylation mainly refers in particular to the enzymatic process that attaches glycans to proteins, lipids, or other organic molecules. This enzymatic process produces one of the fundamental biopolymers found in cells (along with DNA, RNA, and proteins). Glycosylation is a form of co-translational and post-translational modification. Glycans serve a variety of structural and functional roles in membrane and secreted proteins. The majority of proteins synthesized in the rough ER undergo glycosylation. It is an enzyme-directed site-specific process, as opposed to the non-enzymatic chemical reaction of glycation. Glycosylation is also present in the cytoplasm and nucleus as the O-GlcNAc modification. Aglycosylation is a feature of engineered antibodies to bypass glycosylation. Five classes of glycans are produced: * ''N''-linked glycans attached to a nitrogen of asparagine or arginine side-chains. N-linked glycosylation requires participation of a special lipid called dolichol phosphate. * ''O''-linked glycans attached to the hydroxyl oxygen of serine, threonine, tyrosine, hydroxylysine, or hydroxyproline side-chains, or to oxygens on lipids such as ceramide * phospho-glycans linked through the phosphate of a phospho-serine; *''C''-linked glycans, a rare form of glycosylation where a sugar is added to a carbon on a tryptophan side-chain * glypiation, which is the addition of a GPI anchor that links proteins to lipids through glycan linkages. == Purpose == Glycosylation is the process by which a sugar is covalently attached to a target protein. This modification serves various functions. For instance, some proteins do not fold correctly unless they are glycosylated.〔 In other cases, proteins are not stable unless they contain oligosaccharides linked at the amide nitrogen of certain asparagines. Experiments have shown that glycosylation in this case is not a strict requirement for proper folding, but the unglycosylated protein degrades quickly. Glycosylation also plays a role in cell-cell adhesion (a mechanism employed by cells of the immune system) via sugar-binding proteins called lectins, which recognize specific carbohydrate moieties.〔 Glycosylation is an important parameter in the optimization of many glycoprotein-based drugs such as monoclonal antibodies. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Glycosylation」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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