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The gmina (Polish pronunciation , plural ''gminy'' ) is the principal unit of administrative division of Poland as "commune" or "municipality." As of 2010 there were 2,478 gminy throughout the country.〔(Central Statistical Office of Poland ), January 1, 2006. 〕 The word ''gmina'' derives from the German word ''Gemeinde'', meaning "community." The gmina has been the basic unit of territorial division in Poland since 1974, when it replaced the smaller gromada (cluster). There are three types of gminy: #urban gmina ((ポーランド語:gmina miejska)) consisting of just one city or town, #mixed urban-rural gmina ((ポーランド語:gmina miejsko-wiejska)) consisting of a town and surrounding villages and countryside; and #rural gmina ((ポーランド語:gmina wiejska)) consisting only of villages and countryside (occasionally of just one village). Some rural gminy have their seat in a town which is outside the gmina's division. For example, the ''rural'' Gmina Augustów is administered from the town of Augustów, but does not include the town, as Augustów is an ''urban'' type gmina in its own right. The legislative and controlling body of each gmina is the elected municipal council (''rada gminy''), or in a town: ''rada miasta'' (town assembly). Executive power is held by the directly elected mayor of the municipality, called ''wójt'' in rural gminy, ''burmistrz'' in most urban and urban-rural gminy, or ''prezydent'' in towns with more than 400,000 inhabitants and some others which traditionally use the title. A gmina may create auxiliary units (''jednostki pomocnicze''), which play a subordinate administrative role. In rural areas these are called sołectwa, in towns they may be dzielnice or osiedla and in an urban-rural gmina, the town itself may be designated as an auxiliary unit. For a complete listing of all the gminy in Poland, see ''List of Polish gminas''. ==Types of administrative tasks and objectives== Each gmina carries out two types of tasks: its own tasks and commissioned ones. Own tasks are public tasks exercised by self-government, which serve to satisfy the needs of the community. The tasks can be twofold: * compulsory – where the commune cannot decline to carry out the tasks, and must set up a budget to carry them out in order to provide the inhabitants with the basic public benefits * optional – where the commune can carry them out in accordance with available budgetary means, set out only to specific local needs (on the gmina's own responsibility and budget). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Gmina」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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