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Gnathosaurus
''Gnathosaurus'' (meaning 'jawed lizard') is a genus of ctenochasmatid pterosaurs containing two species: ''Gnathosaurus subulatus'', named in 1833 from the Solnhofen Limestone of Germany, and ''Gnathosaurus macrurus'', known from the Purbeck Limestone of the UK.
Fragments of ''Gnathosaurus'' jaw were first discovered in 1832 in the Solnhofen limestones of southern Germany but were mistaken for a piece of teleosaurid crocodile jaw by Georg zu Münster, who first named the species ''Crocodilus multidens'' in that year. Soon afterwards, Hermann von Meyer classified the same specimen as the new genus and species ''Gnathosaurus subulatus'', a name which came to be universally used shortly thereafter. In the 1860s, scientists such as Albert Oppel compared the ''G. subulatus'' jaw fragment to contemporary pterosaurs such as ''Pterodactylus'' and ''Ctenochasma'', and concluded that it was also probably a "flying reptile" rather than a crocodilian.〔Oppel, A. (1862). ''Paleontologische Mittheilungen aus dem museum der Koenigl, Paleontologische Mittheilungen aus dem museum der Koenigl''. Ebner & Seubert.〕 A more complete skull of an adult pterosaur was found in 1951 and classified as ''Gnathosaurus subulatus''. This slender, long skull had up to 130 needle-like teeth arranged around the side of a spoon-shaped tip. The specimen had an estimated wingspan of about .
Possible juvenile specimens of ''G. subulatus'' may be known from several complete skeletons that had previously been classified as the separate species ''Pterodactylus micronyx''.〔Bennett, S.C. (2002). "Soft tissue preservation of the cranial crest of the pterosaur ''Germanodactylus'' from Solnhofen." ''Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology'', 22(1): 43-48.〕 These specimens have also been referred to the genus ''Aurorazhdarcho'', which may itself be a synonym of ''Gnathosaurus''. However, because ''Gnathosaurus subulatus'' is currently known only from skulls and jaws, and adult ''Aurorazhdarcho micronyx'' known only from a skeleton laking a skull, the two cannot be confidently referred to the same species.
An additional large specimen, originally named ''Pterodactylus macrurus'', is known from the Purbeck Limestone formation of England. Represented only by a partial lower jaw and neck vertebrae, it has since been considered closer to ''Gnathosaurus'', and its binomial changed to ''G. macrurus''.〔Howse S. C. B. and Milner A. R., 1995, The Pterodactyloids from the Purbeck Limestone Formation of Dorset. Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. London. (Geol) 51(1): 73-88.〕
==References==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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