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Gnuspeech
Gnuspeech is an extensible text-to-speech computer software package that produces artificial speech output based on real-time articulatory speech synthesis by rules. That is, it converts text strings into phonetic descriptions, aided by a pronouncing dictionary, letter-to-sound rules, and rhythm and intonation models; transforms the phonetic descriptions into parameters for a low-level articulatory speech synthesizer; uses these to drive an articulatory model of the human vocal tract producing an output suitable for the normal sound output devices used by various computer operating systems; and does this at the same or faster rate than the speech is spoken for adult speech.
== Design ==
The synthesizer is a tube resonance, or waveguide, model that models the behavior of the real vocal tract directly, and reasonably accurately, unlike formant synthesizers that indirectly model the speech spectrum.〔COOK, P.R. (1989) Synthesis of the singing voice using a physically parameterized model of the human vocal tract. International Computer Music Conference, Columbus Ohio〕 The control problem is solved by using René Carré’s Distinctive Region Model〔CARRE, R. (1992) Distinctive regions in acoustic tubes. Speech production modelling. Journal d'Acoustique, 5 141 to 159〕 which relates changes in the radii of eight longitudinal divisions of the vocal tract to corresponding changes in the three frequency formants in the speech spectrum that convey much of the information of speech. The regions are, in turn, based on work by the Stockholm Speech Technology Laboratory〔Now (Department for Speech, Music and Hearing )〕 of the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) on "formant sensitivity analysis" - that is, how formant frequencies are affected by small changes in the radius of the vocal tract at various places along its length.〔FANT, G. & PAULI, S. (1974) Spatial characteristics of vocal tract resonance models. Proceedings of the Stockholm Speech Communication Seminar, KTH, Stockholm, Sweden〕
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