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Gokenin
A was initially a vassal of the shogunate of the Kamakura and the Muromachi periods.〔Iwanami Kōjien, "Gokenin"〕 In exchange for protection and the right to become ''shugo'' (governor) or ''jitō'' (manor's lord), in times of peace a ''gokenin'' had the duty to protect the imperial court and Kamakura, in case of war had to fight with his forces under the shogun’s flag.〔 From the middle of the thirteenth century, the fact that ''gokenin'' were allowed to become ''de facto'' owners of the land they administered, coupled to the custom that all ''gokenin'' children could inherit, brought to the parcelization of the land and to a consequent weakening of the shogunate.〔 The ''gokenin'' class ceased to be a significant force during the Muromachi period〔 and was supplanted by the figure of the daimyo.〔 During the successive Edo period, the term finally came to indicate a direct vassal of the shogun below an , meaning that they did not have the right to an audience with the shogun.〔
==Etymology==
The terms ''gokenin'' and ''kenin'' are etymologically related but have very different meanings. Confusion can arise also because in documents sometimes this last word is used together with the honorific prefix (go + ''kenin'').〔Mass (1996:79)〕 Under the ritsuryō legal system in use in Japan from the seventh to the tenth century, a ''kenin'' ("house person") was a human being who, while legally property of a family, could be inherited but not sold and, unlike a slave, had some rights.〔 For example, the inventory of a temple's wealth mentions thirteen ''kenin'', among them four women, who were in effect servants.〔Mass (1996:54)〕
From the beginning of the Japanese Middle Ages, the relationship between lords and vassals tended, even in the absence of real blood ties, to be seen as an ancestral bond where each side inherited the rights and duties of the previous generation.〔Deal (2005:133-136)〕 Both sides thought of and spoke of their relationship in terms suggesting kinship, hence the use of the term ''gokenin'', the prefix "go-" denoting prestige having been added after the Heian period.〔 This social class evolved during the Kamakura shogunate based on the personal, contractual and military relationship between the shogun and individual ''gokenin''.〔Perez (1998:28-31)〕 Until recently it was assumed Kamakura shogun Minamoto no Yoritomo coined the word and the role when he started his campaign to gain power in 1180.〔Hall (1985:62-65)〕 The Azuma Kagami, diary of the shogunate, uses the term from its very first entries. The first reliable documentary evidence of a formal ''gokenin'' status and of actual vassal registers however dates to the early 1190s, and it seems therefore that the vassalage concept remained vague for at least the first decade of the shogunate's life.〔 In any event, by that date the three main administrative roles created by the Kamakura shogunate (''gokenin'', ''shugo'' (governor) and ''jitō'' (manor's lord)) were certainly in existence.〔 The right to appoint them was the very basis of Kamakura's power and legitimacy.〔Perez (1998:36-38)〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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