|
Gomer (גֹּמֶר, Standard Hebrew ''Gómer'', Tiberian Hebrew ''Gōmer'', ) was the eldest son of Japheth (and of the Japhetic line), and father of Ashkenaz, Riphath, and Togarmah, according to the "Table of Nations" in the Hebrew Bible, (Genesis 10). The eponymous Gomer, "standing for the whole family," as the compilers of the ''Jewish Encyclopedia'' expressed it, is also mentioned in Book of Ezekiel 38:6 as the ally of Gog, the chief of the land of Magog. In Islamic folklore, the Persian historian Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (c. 915) recounts a Persian tradition that Gomer lived to the age of 1000, noting that this record equalled that of Nimrod, but was unsurpassed by anyone else mentioned in the Torah.〔Tabari, ''Prophets and Patriarchs'' (Vol. 2 of ''History of the Prophets and Kings'')〕 ==Traditional identifications== Josephus placed Gomer and the "Gomerites" in Anatolian Galatia: "For Gomer founded those whom the Greeks now call Galatians, but were then called Gomerites."〔''Antiquities of the Jews'', I:6.〕 Galatia in fact takes its name from the ancient Gauls (Celts) who settled there. However, the later Christian writer Hippolytus of Rome in c. 234 assigned Gomer as the ancestor of the Cappadocians, neighbours of the Galatians.〔''Chronica'', 57.〕 Jerome (c. 390) and Isidore of Seville (c. 600) followed Josephus' identification of Gomer with the Galatians, Gauls and Celts. The Hebrew name ''Gomer'' is widely considered to refer to the Cimmerians (Akkadian ''Gimirru'', "complete"), who dwelt on the Eurasian Steppes〔e.g., see ''Cambridge Ancient History Vol. II pt. 2, p. 425〕 and attacked Assyria in the late 7th century BC. The Assyrians called them ''Gimmerai'' ; the Cimmerian king Teushpa was defeated by Assarhadon of Assyria sometime between 681 and 668 BC.〔Barry Cunliffe (ed.), ''The Oxford History of Prehistoric Europe'' (Oxford University Press, 1994), pp. 381–382.〕 The Cimbri were a tribe settled in Denmark ca. 200 BC, who were variously identified in ancient times as Cimmerian, Germanic or Celtic. In later times, some scholars connected them with the Welsh people, and descendants of Gomer. Among the first authors to identify Gomer, the Cimmerians, and Cimbri, with the Welsh name for themselves, ''Cymri'', was the English antiquarian William Camden in his ''Britannia'' (first published in 1586).〔( Camden's ''Britannia'' ), I.17,19.〕 In his 1716 book ''Drych y Prif Oesoedd'', Welsh antiquary Theophilus Evans also posited that the Welsh were descended from the Cimmerians and from Gomer;〔Lloyd, p. 191〕 this was followed by a number of later writers of the 18th and 19th centuries.〔〔''University of Wales Dictionary'', vol. II, p. 1485, ''Gomeriad''. The editors note the false etymology.〕 This etymology is considered false by modern Celtic linguists, who follow the etymology proposed by Johann Kaspar Zeuss in 1853, which derives ''Cymry'' from the Brythonic word *''Combrogos'' ("fellow countryman").〔〔Lloyd, p. 192〕〔''University of Wales Dictionary'', vol. I, page 770.〕 The name Gomer (as in the pen-name of 19th century editor and author Joseph Harris, for instance) and its (modern) Welsh derivatives, such as ''Gomeraeg'' (as an alternative name for the Welsh language)〔''University of Wales Dictionary'', vol. II, p. 1485.〕 became fashionable for a time in Wales, but the Gomerian theory itself has long since been discredited as an antiquarian hypothesis with no historical or linguistic validity.〔See, for instance: Piggot, pp. 132, 172.〕 According to tractate Yoma, in the Talmud, Gomer is identified as the ancestor of the Gomermians, modern Germans. In 1498 Annio da Viterbo published fragments known as ''Pseudo-Berossus'', now considered a forgery, claiming that Babylonian records had shown that ''Comerus Gallus'', i.e. Gomer son of Japheth, had first settled in Comera (now Italy) in the 10th year of Nimrod following the dispersion of peoples. In addition, Tuiscon, whom ''Pseudo-Berossus'' calls the fourth son of Noah, and says ruled first in Germany/Scythia, was identified by later historians (e.g. Johannes Aventinus) as none other than Ashkenaz, Gomer's son. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Gomer」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|