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Gondophares
Gondophares I was the founder of the Indo-Parthian Kingdom in what is now Afghanistan and Pakistan. He seems to have ruled c. 20–10 BCE according to modern research,〔See main Indo-Parthian page for references to Robert Senior's modern chronology〕 and was originally likely a relative or vassal of the Apracas, ruling in Apracapura (Bajaur, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa-Pakistan) and down in to Sistan (Balochistan).
==Rule==
Gondophares I has traditionally been given a later date; the reign of one king calling himself Gondophares has been established at 20 AD by the rock inscription he set up at Takht-i Bahi (also known as Takht Bahi) in Mardan, western Pakistan, in 46 AD.,〔A. D. H. Bivar, "The History of Eastern Iran", in Ehsan Yarshater (ed.), ''The Cambridge History of Iran,'' Vol.3 (1), ''The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods,'' London, Cambridge University Press, 1983, p.197.〕 and he has also been connected with the third-century ''Acts of Thomas''. Recent research has however shown unambiguously that ''"Gondophares"'' was a title held by many kings; none of the ancient inscriptions or sources could be specifically connected with the first Gondophares, and numismatic indications strongly suggest that Gondophares I was earlier than these events.
Gondophares I took over the Kabul valley and the Punjab and Sindh region area from the Scythian king Azes. In reality, a number of vassal rulers seem to have switched allegiance from the Indo-Scythians to Gondophares I. His empire was vast, but was only a loose framework, which fragmented soon after his death. His capital was the Gandharan city of Taxila.〔B. N. Puri, “The Sakas and Indo-Parthians”, in A.H. Dani, V. M. Masson, Janos Harmatta, C. E. Boaworth, ''History of Civilizations of Central Asia,'' Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 2003, Chapter 8, p.196〕 Taxila is located in Punjab to the west of the present Islamabad. Ernst Herzfeld claims his name is perpetuated in the name of the Afghan city Kandahar, which he founded under the name Gundopharron.〔Ernst Herzfeld, ''Archaeological History of Iran,'' London, Oxford University Press for the British Academy, 1935, p.63.〕
The name also occurs in Avestic Old Iranian as ''Vindafarna'' "May he find glory."〔 In old Armenian, it is 'Gastaphar' . “Gundaparnah” was apparently the Eastern Iranian (old Pashto) form of the name. In Pashto, the Eastern Iranian language that prevailed in the region, ''Gandapur'' is a surname and one denoting a certain tribal lineage amongst the Pashtoons of Pakistan.〔Mary Boyce and Frantz Genet, ''A History of Zoroastrianism,'' Leiden, Brill, 1991, pp.447–456, n.431.〕
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