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The Goryani movement ((ブルガリア語:Горянско движение)) or Goryanstvo ((ブルガリア語:горянство): Goryanism) was an active guerrilla resistance against the Bulgarian communist regime. It began immediately after the Ninth of September ''coup d'état'' in 1944 which opened the way to communist rule in Bulgaria, reached its peak between 1947 and 1954, subsided by the late Fifties and ended by the early Sixties. The movement covered the entire country, including urban areas and is known to have been the first organised anti-Soviet armed resistance in eastern Europe as well as the longest lasting. The members of the movement were dubbed ''Goryani'' ((ブルガリア語:Горяни): ones of the forest), most likely not by themselves but pejoratively by the authorities or by street wits. Extremely scant official acknowledgements of the movement termed its members ''diversanti'' ((ブルガリア語:диверсанти): subversives, saboteurs and invariably stressed that they had been sent across the border by "imperialist centres".) Though helped to a significant extent by emigre Bulgarians and by foreign powers, the Goryani movement was mostly indigenous and spontaneous. Its mode of action was traditionally Bulgarian, as practiced by the anti-Ottoman ''hayduti'' (хайдути: outlaws ) and the anti-Nazi Partisans (pejoratively called ''Shumkari''; (ブルガリア語:Шумкари), those of the bushes): the Goryani hid in remote mountains, highlands and forests, relying on a large network of ''yatatsi'' ((ブルガリア語:ятаци); illicit helpers) in settled communities, conducted sudden armed raids to disturb official business and withdrew before capture. Largely composed of country folk who defended their land and property from the communists, the Goryani had no discernible ideology or platform and were united by their dislike of the communist authorities. Very little information has survived on the Goryani, whose existence was steadfastly concealed and denied by the Bulgarian communist authorities, with historical data on them carefully classified and removed and witnesses or participants intimidated into silence or eliminated. Since the movement was practically devoid of any international dimension, its history has remained remote from the mainstream of world anti-communist resistance. ==Origins== The new communist regime, aided by the Red Army, imposed a policy of class war through several waves of terror: extrajudicial intimidation immediately after the 9 September 1944 ''coup'', People's Court tribunals in the mid-1940s, the elimination of opposition to the Bulgarian Communist Party in the late Forties〔Дертлиев, Петър „Ден първи-ден последен“, София, 1996 Dertliev, Petar, Den Parvi, Den Posleden, Sofia, 1996, in Bulgarian〕 and the hunt for "Enemies with a Party Ticket" at the close of the Forties and into the Fifties. Armed resistance to the communists began in the immediate aftermath of the ''coup'' and reached sustainable proportions in the countryside after the execution of Bulgarian Agrarian National Union leader Nikola Petkov in 1947 and the banning of the Bulgarian Social Democratic Workers' Party in 1948. By the late 1940s, the Goryani comprised mostly country folk, members of the disbanded opposition hiding from the authorities, former soldiers and officers, former Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) activists, a handful of former pro-communist Partisans, and communists who had been associated with executed "Enemy with a Party Ticket" Traycho Kostov. Large-scale forced land colectivisation campaigns began in the Fifties.〔“Нов кооперативен сборник, книга 1”, София, 1994 г., изд. „БалБок“ (Kooperativen Sbornik, Vol 1, BalBok, Sofia, 1994, in Bulgarian )〕 They involved mass intimidation of the peasantry, including threats, extrajudicial imprisonment and torture, and murder〔Габриела Цанева „Миналото в мен“ (v Men, Tsekva, Gabriela, in Bulgarian )〕 This brought a new upsurge of support for the Goryani Movement. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Goryani」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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