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Gradobranitelj
A gradobranitelj (literally "hail defender") and an oblačar was, in Serbian tradition, a man who protected his village from destructive weather. In Serbia, bad weather was believed to be brought by various demonic beings, including devils, creatures called ''ala'' and ''aždaja'', eagles, black-feathered birds, and the souls of drowned and hanged persons. The gradobranitelj used magic to dissipate hail clouds, and to repel devils and the souls of the drowned and hanged persons, who were thought to bring the clouds. He learned this magic from another gradobranitelj. The oblačar ran to and fro beneath a hail cloud, fighting against an ''aždaja'', a serpentine demon which flew in the cloud spewing hail on the fields of the oblačar's village. The gradobranitelj is recorded in north-western Serbia, and the oblačar is recorded in the region of Syrmia. It was also believed in some areas that there were women who could eliminate the danger from destructive weather using sorcery. In other respects, these protectors were normal individuals who lived and worked in their communities as others did.
==Bringers of bad weather==
Adverse weather such as storms, hail, or torrential rains could quickly devastate fields, orchards, and vineyards, and thus jeopardize the livelihood of farmers in the affected region. They were believed to have been brought by supernatural forces. God let bad weather afflict the people of an area as a punishment for their sins. Angels and some saints could punish in the same way, and the Devil was also thought of as a bringer of such afflictions.〔Radenković, Ljubinko (2001). "Облачари" (in Serbian). Svetlana Mikhaylovna Tolstaya, Ljubinko Radenković. eds. ''Словенска митологија: енциклопедијски речник (mythology: encyclopedic dictionary )''. Belgrade: Zepter Book World. ISBN 86-7494-025-0.〕 Female demons named ''ala'' were prominent bringers of storm and hail clouds in central, eastern, and southern Serbia, as well as in the Banat;〔Radenković, Ljubinko (1996). "(Митска бића српског народа: (х)ала [Mythological beings of the Serbs: (h)ala] )" (in Serbian). ''Liceum'' (Kragujevac: The University of Kragujevac) 2. . Retrieved 2011-02-04.〕 the same role was sometimes played by eagles and black-feathered birds.〔Zečević, Slobodan (1981). "Ветровњак – змајевит човек" (in Serbian). ''Митска бића српских предања (beings of Serbian traditions )''. Belgrade: IRO „Vuk Karadžić“, Ethnographic Museum.〕 In Syrmia, demons called ''aždaja'' spewed hail on crops flying through dense, terrible clouds.〔Tolstoy, Nikita Ilyich; Tolstaya, Svetlana Mikhaylovna (1981). "Заметки по славянскому язычеству. 5. Защита от града в Драгачеве и других сербских зонах" (in Russian). Nikita Ilyich Tolstoy. ed. ''(Обряд. Текст )'' (PDF). Славянский и балканский фольклор. 3. Moskva: Nauka. pp. 46–8, 62, 64, 83, 102–12, 117. Retrieved 2011-02-04.〕 The elements could also be brought by the souls of drowned and hanged persons, or those struck by lightning. Living individuals, such as priests, witches, and those who had acquired certain magical skills were able to direct severe weather to the area whose people they wanted to harm.〔 It was held in Bukovica and Lika that evil persons after death, or even during life, led hail to whatever field they wanted.〔Ardalić, Vladimir (March 1999). "(Вукодлак )" (in Serbian). ''Буковица: Народни живот и обичаји (folk life and customs )''. Project Rastko. Retrieved 2011-02-04.〕
People supplicated God and saints for protection against those calamities, but they also resorted to magic practices. There was a widespread practice of "cutting" clouds and hail by means of an axe, scythe, sickle, hoe, or knife. Noticing the approach of a hail cloud, farmers would stand in their house yard and wave toward it with one of those implements, or place it with the blade turned toward the cloud. Some chased hail away by firing from rifles or small simple mortars called ''prangija''. They also tried to propitiate the bringer of the elements, as in the custom of placing a dining table with bread and salt on it in the yard. The table could have been used for "cutting" as well, for which purpose it was placed with its legs directed skywards; the same was done with tripods. In other practices farmers used objects that had been part of annual festivities and family observances, counting on the protective influence of the sacred power with which these objects were consequently imbued. Some of the customs were performed only by women, others only by men, and still others by men and women together. The gender could depend on what object was used, e.g., the scythe was seen as a masculine tool and the sickle as a feminine one, but there were practices for which the gender was irrelevant.〔
Most of these practices were accompanied by a loud utterance of ritual texts, which had their own semantics, symbolism and structure. Standing in the yard and facing the cloud, farmers would address the cloud himself, or hail, prodigy, the unholy power, ''ala'', drowned or hanged persons (usually calling by name someone like that from their region), and others. People tried to deflect the horrific bringer of clouds from their fields, by scaring him off with something even more appalling that was allegedly present in their village. For example: "Back! Back, ''ala''! Here is a bigger ''ala'', beware!" or "Hey, do not go, prodigy, on prodigy! We have a huge prodigy: here a girl bore a girl, a girl of nine years old! Do not go, prodigy, on prodigy: we have a huge prodigy!" These texts often contained the idea of hail clouds as cattle, usually white: "O Sava and Nevena, turn back those white cattle! There is no pasture for them here! We only have ashes to put their eyes out!" Uttering this, they would spill the ashes of the fire on which a ''česnica'' had been baked for Christmas, into the wind. (Sava and Nevena were a couple who drowned themselves in the Morava River for not having been allowed to marry.) Saint John and Saint Sava also appeared as leaders of cattle/clouds: "Saint Sava, turn back your cattle from our village!"〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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