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In the United States, federal grants are economic aid issued by the United States government out of the general federal revenue. A federal grant is an award of financial assistance from a federal agency to a recipient to carry out a public purpose of support or stimulation authorized by a law of the United States. Grants are federal assistance to individuals, benefits or entitlements. A grant is not used to acquire property or services for the federal government's direct benefit. Grants may also be issued by private non-profit organizations such as foundations, not-for-profit corporations or charitable trusts which are all collectively referred to as charities. Outside the United States grants, subventions or subsidies are used to in similar fashion by government or private charities to subsidize programs and projects that fit within the funding criteria of the grant-giving entity or donor. Grants can be unrestricted, to be used by the recipient in any fashion within the perimeter of the recipient organization's activities or they may be restricted to a specific purpose by the benefactor. Federal grants are defined and governed by the Federal Grant and Cooperative Agreement Act of 1977, as incorporated in (Title 31 Section 6304 of the U.S. Code ). A Federal grant is a:
When an awarding agency expects to be substantially involved in a project (beyond routine monitoring and technical assistance), the law requires use of a cooperative agreement instead. When the government is procuring goods or services for its own direct benefit, and not for a broader public purpose, the law requires use of a federal contract.〔http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode31/usc_sec_31_00006305----000-.html〕 ==Types of grants== *Categorical grants may be spent only for narrowly defined purposes and recipients often must match a portion of the federal funds. 33% of categorical grants are considered to be formula grants. About 90% of federal aid dollars are spent for categorical grants. * *Project grants are grants given by the government to fund research projects, such as a research project for medical purposes. An individual must acquire certain qualifications before applying for such a grant and the normal duration for project grants is three years. * *Formula grants provide funds as dictated by a law. *Block grants are large grants provided from the federal government to state or local governments for use in a general purpose.〔() - FederalGrants.com; definition of "block grant"〕 *Earmark grants are explicitly specified in appropriations of the U.S. Congress. They are not competitively awarded and have become highly controversial because of the heavy involvement of paid political lobbyists used in securing them. In FY1996 appropriations, the Congressional Research Service found 3,023 earmarks totaling $19.5 billion, while in FY2006 it found 12,852 earmarks totaling $64 billion. For charitable grants and funds for schools and organizations see: Grant writing and Grants. There are over 900 grant programs offered by the 26 federal grant-making agencies. These programs fall into 21 (categories ): * Agriculture * Arts * Business and Commerce * Community Development * Consumer Protection * Disaster Prevention and Relief * Education Regional Development * Employment, Labor, and Training * Energy * Environmental Quality * Food and Nutrition * Health * Housing * Humanities * Information and Statistics * Law, Justice, and Legal Services * Natural Resources * Science and Technology * Social Services and Income Security * Transportation 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Federal grants in the United States」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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