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(詳細はlaws from the Icelandic Commonwealth period. The term ''Grágás'' was originally used in a medieval source to refer to a collection of Norwegian laws and was probably mistakenly used to describe the existing collection of Icelandic law during the sixteenth century. The Grágás laws in Iceland were presumably in use until 1262–1264 when Iceland was taken over by the Norwegian crown. ==History and manuscripts== The term "Gray Goose Laws", used to describe the laws of the Icelandic Commonwealth by the 16th century, may refer to the following: * the fact that the laws were written with a goose quill, * the fact that the laws were bound in goose skin, or * because of the age of the laws—it was then believed that geese lived longer than other birds. The existing Icelandic Commonwealth laws that now exist as the ''Grágás'' never actually existed in one complete volume during medieval times. The ''Grágás'' does not contain a unified body of law, as arguably one never existed in the Icelandic commonwealth. Instead, the ''Grágás'' was derived from two smaller, fragmentary volumes known as the ''Konungsbók'' (Copenhagen, Royal Library, GKS 1157 fol), apparently written around 1260, and ''Staðarhólsbók'' (Reykjavík, Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies, AM 334 fol), apparently written in 1280. The ornate detail and appearance of the volumes suggests that they were created for a wealthy, literate man, though scholars cannot be certain. Because the ''Grágás'' laws originally existed in two different forms, each has a unique written account of the law. Sometimes the ''Konungsbók'' and ''Staðarhólsbók'' present different information, sometimes complementary information, and sometimes contradictory information. This could represent the way in which the law was interpreted differently by different scribes or by different citizens. According to the ''Grágás'', one third of the Icelandic laws were recited by the Law Speaker at the Icelandic national parliament, the Alþingi, each year over a three-year period. In 1117 the Alþingi decided that all the laws should be written down and this was accomplished at Hafliði Másson’s farm over that winter and published the following year. These laws remained in force until 1271–1273 at which time the Ironside Laws—based on Norwegian laws—were adopted. There is scholarly disagreement, however, about how representative the Grágás are regarding the legal tradition that existed during Viking age Iceland. Arguably, the codification of oral law in the ''Grágás'' better represents Icelandic legal tradition post-Christianity, thus after the year 1000. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Gray Goose Laws」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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