|
(Sanskrit: "levels of virtue") are the fourteen stages of spiritual development and growth through which a soul gradually passes before it attains moksa (liberation).〔Jaini, Padmanabh (1998) p. 141〕 According to Jainism, it is a state of soul from a complete dependence on karma to the state of complete dissociation from it. Here the word ''virtue'' does not mean an ordinary moral quality, but it stands for the nature of soul — knowledge, belief and conduct. ==Fourteen stages of development== Through these fourteen stages of development, the soul gradually frees itself, firstly from the worst, then from the less bad and finally from all kinds of karma, and manifests the innate qualities of knowledge, belief and conduct in a more and more perfect form.〔Kuhn, Hermann (2001) p. 186–219〕 Following are the stages of spiritual development:〔Jaini, Padmanabh (1998) p. 272–273〕〔Tatia, Nathmal (1994) p. 274–85〕 #The stage of wrong believer (mithyadristi) #The stage of one who has a slight taste of right belief (sasvadanasamyagdrsti). #The stage of mixed belief (misradrsti) #The stage of one who has true belief but has not yet self-discipline (avirata samyagdrsti). #The stage of partial self-control (desavirata) #The stage of complete self-discipline, although sometimes brought into wavering through negligence (pramattasamyata). #The stage of self-control without negligence (apramatta samyata) #The stage of one in whom the passions are still occurring in a gross form (nivrtti badra samparaya) #The stage of one who practices the process called anivratti karana and in whom however the passions are still occurring (annivrtti badara samparaya) #The stage of one in whom the passions occur in a subtle form (suksama samparaya) # The stage of one who has suppressed every passion but still does not possess omniscience (upasana kasaya vitaraga chadmasta) #The stage of who has annihilated every passion but does not yet possess omniscience (ksina kasay vitaraga chadmasta). # The stage of omniscience with activity (sayogi kevalin) #The stage of omniscience without any activity (ayogi kevalin) The first four ''gunasthana'' are related to belief or rationality in perception. As and when the soul acquires rationality in perception it moves on to 4th ''gunasthana''. Stages 5 to 14 relate to conduct. The purity in conduct determines the gunasthana from 5th stage onwards. Those who have taken the ''anuvratas'' may reach up to the 5th Gunasthana. The 6th to 14th Gunasthanas can only be attained by those who have taken the ''Mahavratas'' (major vows) of Jain ascetic. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Gunasthana」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|