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The ''Guti'' () or Quti, also known by the derived exonyms Gutians or Guteans, were a nomadic people of the Zagros Mountains in ancient times. They are often regarded as precursors of the modern Kurds. Conflict with Gutium or Qutium (Sumerian: Gu-tu-umki〔ETCSL. ''(The Sumerian King List ).'' Accessed 19 Dec 2010.〕 or Gu-ti-umki〔ETCSL. ''(The Cursing of Agade )'' Accessed 18 Dec 2010.〕) has been linked to the collapse of the Akkadian Empire, towards the end of the 3rd millennium BCE. The Guti subsequently overran southern Mesopotamia and formed, for several generations a royal dynasty of Sumer. Sumerian sources portray the Guti as a barbarous and rapacious people from the mountains, presumably the central Zagros east of Babylon and north of Elam (on the border of modern Iran and Iraq). The Sumerian king list represents them as ruling over Sumer for a short time after the fall of the Akkadian Empire, and portrays Gutian rule as chaotic.〔(ETCSL - Sumerian king list )〕 Biblical scholars believe that the Guti may be the "Koa" (''qôa''), named with the Shoa and Pekod as enemies of Jerusalem in Ezekiel 23:23.〔See, for example, J. D. Douglas & Merrill C. Tenney, 2011, ''Zondervan Illustrated Bible Dictionary'' (3rd ed.), HarperCollins, p. 1897.〕 ''Qôa'' also means "male camel" in Hebrew, and in the context of ''Ezekiel'' 23, it may be a deliberate, insulting distortion of an endonym such as ''Quti''. Little is known of the origins, language and material culture of the Guti, as contemporary sources provide little information and no artifacts have been positively identified.〔(Patton, Laurie L., et al. (2004) The Indo-Aryan Controversy )〕 Gutian names, recorded in a list of Sumerian kings, suggest that Gutian was not closely related to other languages of the region (including Sumerian, Akkadian, Hurrian, Hittite and Elamite). According to the linguists Tamaz V. Gamkrelidze and Vyacheslav V. Ivanov, the Gutian language belonged to the Indo-European language family and was most closely related to the Tocharian languages found later in eastern Central Asia.〔''Гамкрелидзе Т. В., Иванов Вяч. Вс.'' Первые индоевропейцы на арене истории: прототохары в Передней Азии // Вестник древней истории. 1989. № 1.〕 ==Early history== The Guti appear in Old Babylonian copies of inscriptions ascribed to Lugal-Anne-Mundu of Adab as among the nations providing his empire tribute. These inscriptions locate them between Subartu in the north, and Marhashe and Elam in the south. They were a prominent nomadic tribe who lived in the Zagros mountains in the time of the Akkadian Empire. Sargon the Great also mentions them among his subject lands, listing them between Lullubi, Armanu and Akkad to the north, and Nikku and Der to the south. According to one stele, Naram-Sin of Akkad's army of 360,000 soldiers defeated the Gutian king Gula'an, despite having 90,000 slain by the Gutians. The epic ''Cuthaean Legend of Naram-Sin'' of a later millennium mentions ''Gutium'' among the lands around Mesopotamia raided by Annubanini of Lulubum during Naram-Sin's reign.〔(Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie By Erich Ebling, Bruno )〕 Contemporary year-names for Shar-kali-sharri of Akkad indicate that in one unknown year of his reign, he captured Sharlag king of Gutium, while in another year, "the yoke was imposed on Gutium".〔(Year-names for Sharkalisharri )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Gutian people」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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