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Gymnosophy (from Greek γυμνός ''gymnós'' "naked" and σοφία ''sophía'' "wisdom") was a movement and a philosophy practiced in Europe and the USA from the end of the 19th century to the mid 20th century. The practice involved nudity, asceticism and meditation. In the early 20th century, the term was appropriated by several groups to denote a broad philosophy that included as a central thought that the nude human body is a natural condition and should be widely acceptable for the betterment of society. This philosophy is related closely, and often interchangeably, with nudism, naturism and has close connection to the hippie movement.〔(''Hippie Roots & The Perennial Subculture'', 2003. )〕〔(Kalifornication, ''Frieze magazine'', 9, 2013 )〕 The movement is known by three organisations, the English Gymnosophical Society, Societe Internationale de Gymnosophie and the American Gymnosophical Association. The ''English Gymnosophical Society'' was founded in 1922 and became ''The New Gymnosophy Society'' in 1926. One of the first members was Gerald Gardner, who in 1945 established the 'Five Acres Club', ostensibly as a nudist club, but as a front for Wiccans, as this was illegal in England until 1951. The ''Societe Internationale de Gymnosophie'' was founded in 1926 in France. Dr. Maurice Parmelee (1882-1969), Professor of sociology, City College of New York, published 1927 the book "The New Gymnosophy" in New York (the title was changed to ''Nudism In Modern Life'' in later editions).〔Adventures in Many Lands, Autobiographical Memoir of Maurice Parmelee, Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library〕 and took part in the founding of the ''American Gymnosophical Association'' 1930. The biochemist and historian Joseph Needham was known to practice gymnosophy. == The word "gymnosophy" in literature == A reputed poem from the book Non Serviam, 1945, by the Swedish author Gunnar Ekelöf is named "Gymnosofisten", (the gymnosophist). In "(Quixote )": "...in defiance and in spite of envy itself, and all the magicians that Persia, or Brahmans that India, or Gymnosophists that Ethiopia ever produced..." 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Gymnosophy」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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