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Gynocriticism
Gynocriticism is the historical study of women writers as a distinct literary tradition. (Friedman 18) Elaine Showalter coined this term in her essay "Toward a Feminist Poetics." It refers to a criticism that constructs "a female framework for the analysis of women's literature, to develop new models based on the study of female experience, rather than to adapt male models and theories" (quoted by Groden and Kreiswurth from "Toward a Feminist Poetics," New Feminist Criticism, 131). The work of gynocriticism has been criticized by recent feminists for being essentialist, following too closely along the lines of Sigmund Freud and New Criticism, and leaving out lesbians and women of color. (Literary Terms)
Gynocriticism is the study of feminist literature written by female writers inclusive of the interrogation of female authorship, images, the feminine experience and ideology, and the history and development of the female literary tradition.〔Xu, Y 2007, 'Contribution of gynocriticism to feminist criticism', US – China Foreign Language, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 1 – 5.〕〔Barry, P 2009, Beginning theory; An introduction to literary and cultural theory, Manchester University Press, Manchester.〕 During the late eighteen hundreds and early nineteen hundreds respectively, Virginia Woolf and Simone de Beauvoir began to review and evaluate the female image and sexism in the works of male writers.〔 During the nineteen sixties the feminist movement saw a reaction and opposition to the male oriented discourse of previous years.〔 Most thoroughly developed during the late seventies and early eighties, gynocriticism was a result of the interrogative critiques utilised in post-structuralism and psychoanalysis.〔
== Development as a literary critique ==
Gynocriticism developed as a literary critique from the theories and techniques of post-structuralism and psychoanalysis.〔 Post-structuralism is by nature, the study of the uncertain (Barry 2009). According to Barry,〔 post-structuralism questions and interrogates the scientific certainty that structuralism took for granted, identifying the fact that language is ambiguous and therefore the universe is indeterminate. Psychoanalytic criticism focuses on the word of Freud and the concept of the unconscious.〔 The textual content is both conscious and unconscious and the critique involves the uncovering or decoding of the two. Additionally, Freudian psychoanalysis identifies repression and sublimation, two unconscious processes that involve the struggle with identity.〔 Gynocriticism, examines the female struggle for identity and the social construct of gender.〔 If gender is inherently constructed from an ideology, then that ideology is by nature, indeterminate and fluid, susceptible to the analysis of differences.〔Friedman, SS 1996, 'Beyond gynocriticism and gynesis: The geographics of identity and the future of feminist criticism', Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature, vol. 15, no. 1, Spring, pp. 13 - 40.〕 According to Elaine Showalter,〔 gynocriticism is the study of not only the female as a gender status but also the 'internalized consciousness' of the female. The uncovering of the female subculture and exposition of a female model is the intention of gynocriticism.〔
According to Showalter,〔 literary history has seen three distinct phases of gynocriticism. Until the twentieth century, the female literature tradition was constructed of images and values of the idealized 'feminine', constructed from the patriarchal oppression that sought to identify the woman as “other”.〔Janowick, T 2008, 'Feminist discourse across the waves: A rhetorical criticism of first, second and third wave women's discourses', Southern Illinois University at Carbundale, May, pp. 1 -121.〕 During the twentieth century, the 'feminist' movement saw a reaction to the patriarchy of previous times and protested the ideology of the feminine.〔 The most recent development is the 'female' criticism, where a female identity is sought free from the masculine definitions and oppositions.〔 The recognition of a distinct female canon and the development of the 'female reader' are fundamental aspects of gynocriticism.〔
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