|
Alba Iulia (; (ドイツ語:Karlsburg), ''Carlsburg'', formerly ''Weißenburg'', (ハンガリー語:Gyulafehérvár), (ラテン語:Apulum) in the Roman period, later ''Alba Iulia''〔''Encyclopædia Britannica'' |("Alba-Iulia" )〕 or ''Alba Yulia''; Ottoman Turkish: ''Erdel Belgradı'' or ''Belgrad-ı Erdel'') is a city located on the Mureş River in Alba County, Transylvania, Romania, with a population of 63,536 . Since the High Middle Ages, the city has been the seat of Transylvania's Roman Catholic diocese. Between 1541 and 1690 it was the capital of the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom and the latter Principality of Transylvania. Alba Iulia is historically important for Hungarians, Romanians and Transylvanian Saxons. The city administers four villages: Bărăbanț (''Borbánd''), Micești (''Ompolykisfalud''), Oarda (''Alsóváradja'') and Pâclișa (''Poklos''). ==Names== During the Roman period the settlement was called ''Apulum'' (from the Dacian ''Apoulon'', mentioned by Ptolemy).〔 The early Slavic name of the settlement was ''Bălgrad'' (meaning "white castle" or "white town").〔〔Adrian Room, (Placenames of the World: Origins And Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features And Historic Sites ), McFarland, 2006, p. 23〕 The old Romanian name of the town was ''Bălgrad'',〔 originated from Slavic. The "white city" was Latinized into ''Alba Julia'' or ''Alba Yulia''.〔〔(Medieval and Early Modern for Central and Eastern Europe ) Alexandru Ioan Cuza university, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University Press, p. 196〕 Its modern name ''Alba Iulia'' is an adoption of the town's medieval Latin name.〔 It started to spread in Romanian common speech in the 18th century.〔László Bányai, (Közös sors--testvéri hagyományok: történelmi vázlat ), Politikai Könyvkiadó, 1973, p. 41, Citations: "A középkori latin okiratok Alba Iulia-ja csak a XVIII. századtól terjed el a román köznyelvben" Translation: " the term 'Alba Iulia', used in medieval Latin charters, started to spread in the Romanian vulgar tongue only in the 18th century"〕 The modern name has been officially used since the town became part of Romania.〔(Magyar történeti tanulmányok, Volumes 19-21, Acta Universitatis Debreceniensis de Ludovico Kossuth nominatae: Series historica ), KLTE, 1986, p. 85 Citations: "Itt említjük meg, hogy Gyulafehérvárat akkoriban románul Belgrad-nak hívták, csak Romániához történt csatolása után lett belôle Alba Iulia." Translation: "We mention it here that Gyulafehérvár was called Belgrad in Romanian and it turned to Alba Iulia after it became part of Romania."〕 The first part of the name "Alba" denotes the ruins of the Roman fort ''Apulum'' (the pre-feudal white citadel),〔〔(Romania in brief ), Meridiane Pub. House, 1966, p. 74〕 and its suffix "Iulia" ("Julius") refers to Gyula, a mid-tenth-century Hungarian warlord who baptized in Constantinople.〔Patrick Leigh Fermor, Between the woods and the water: on foot to Constantipole from the Hook of Holland : the middle Danube to the Iron Gates, Viking, 1986, p. 138, ISBN 9780670811496, Citations: "The Dacian Apulon became the Latin Apulum, and the place was full of traces of the old Roman colony. But both of these words were silenced when the hushed and muffling spread of the Slavs stifled the old names of Eastern Europe forever. They renamed it "Bălgrad" - the white town (one of many) - perhaps because of its pale walls and this white motif caught on. The Saxons called it Weissenburg and later Karlsburg, in honour of Emperor Charles VI, who built the great eighteenth-century fortress here. The Hungarians had already adopted the notion of whiteness, but another crept in too: the word 'Julius', after a mid-tenth-century Hungarian prince who had visited Constantinople and been baptised there. Gyulafehérvár, they called it, the "white city of Gyula". The Rumanians stuck to Bălgrad, then adopted the medieval Latin name of Alba Iulia."〕〔 Its Hungarian name ''Gyulafehérvár'' is a translation of the earlier Slavic form,〔 meaning "white castle of the Gyula"〔Iván Boldizsár, (NHQ; the New Hungarian Quarterly, Volume 29; Volumes 109-110 ), Lapkiadó Publishing House, 1988, p. 73〕 or "white city of Julius".〔 The Slavic name of the town suggests that, when the settlement upon Roman ruins became the seat of a dukedom in the 10th century, the former population may have been Slavic.〔Makkai 2001, p. 365〕 Its older German name was ''Weyssenburg''.〔 The Saxons renamed the town to ''Karlsburg'' (Carlsburg)〔(''Berichte und Forschungen. Jahrbuch des Bundesinstituts für Kultur und Geschichte der Deutschen im Östlichen Europa 11/2003'' ), p.137〕 in honor of Charles VI.〔〔(The Transylvanian Saxons: historical highlights ), Alliance of Transylvanian Saxons, 1982, p. 55, ISBN 9783853730706〕 The city's name in the 10th century was ''Civitatem Albam in Ereel''.〔Ferenc Léstyán, (MEGSZENTELT KÖVEK A KÖZÉPKORI ERDÉLYI PÜSPÖKSÉG TEMPLOMAI ), Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Alba Iulia, 2000, ISBN 973-9203-56-6〕 Later in the Middle Ages, different names occurred as ''Frank episcopus Belleggradienesis'' in 1071, ''Albae Civitatis'' in 1134, ''Belegrada'' in 1153, ''Albensis Ultrasilvanus'' in 1177, ''eccl. Micahelis'' in 1199, ''Albe Transilvane'' in 1200, ''Albe Transsilvane'' in 1201, ''castrum Albens'' in 1206, ''canonicis Albensibus'' in 1213, ''Albensis eccl. Transsylvane'' in 1219, ''B. Michaelis arch. Transsilv.'' in 1231, ''Alba... Civitas'' in 1242, ''Alba sedes eptus'' in 1245, ''Alba Jula'' in 1291, ''Feyrvar'' in 1572, ''Feyérvár'' in 1574, ''Weissenburg'' in 1576, Belugrad in 1579, ''Gyula Feyervár'' in 1619, ''Gyula Fehérvár'' in 1690, and ''Karlsburg'' in 1715.〔 In Yiddish and Hebrew ''Karlsburg'' was prevalent; in Ladino sources ''Carlosburg''.〔 ''Alba Carolina'' was also a medieval Latin form of its name.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Alba Iulia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|