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Historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) are institutions of higher education in the United States that were established before 1964 with the intention of serving the black community.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=White House Initiative on Historically Black Colleges and Universities )〕 They have always allowed admission to students of all races. There are 107 historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) in the United States, including public and private institutions, community and four-year institutions, medical and law schools. Most were created in the aftermath of the American Civil War and are in the former slave states, although a few notable exceptions exist. ==History== Most HBCUs were established after the American Civil War, often with the assistance of northern religious missionary organizations. However, Cheyney University of Pennsylvania (1837), Lincoln University (Pennsylvania) (1854), and Wilberforce University (1856), were established for blacks before the American Civil War. Established in 1865, Shaw University was the first HBCU in the South to be established after the American Civil War. The Higher Education Act of 1965, as amended, defines a "part B institution" as: "...any historically black college or university that was established before 1964, whose principal mission was, and is, the education of black Americans, and that is accredited by a nationally recognized accrediting agency or association determined by the Secretary (Education ) to be a reliable authority as to the quality of training offered or is, according to such an agency or association, making reasonable progress toward accreditation."〔20 U.S.C. § 1061.〕 Part B of the 1965 Act provides for direct federal aid to Part B institutions. In 1862, the Morrill Act provided for land grant colleges in each state. Some educational institutions in the North or West were open to blacks before the Civil War. But 17 states, mostly in the South, had segregated systems and generally excluded black students from their land grant colleges. In response, Congress passed the second Morrill Act of 1890, also known as the Agricultural College Act of 1890, requiring states to establish a separate land grant college for blacks if blacks were being excluded from the existing land grant college. Many of the HBCUs were founded by states to satisfy the Second Morrill Act. These land grant schools continue to receive annual federal funding for their research, extension and outreach activities. The Higher Education Act of 1965 established a program for direct federal grants to HBCUs, including federal matching of private endowment contributions.〔20 U.S.C. § 1062.〕 In 1980, President Jimmy Carter signed an executive order to distribute adequate resources and funds to strengthen the nation's HBCUs. His executive order manifested the White House Initiative on Historically Black Colleges and Universities which is a federally funded program that operates within the U.S. Department of Education.〔http://sites.ed.gov/whhbcu/about-us/〕 Starting in 2001, directors of libraries of several HBCUs began discussions about ways to pool their resources and work collaboratively. In 2003, this partnership was formalized as the HBCU Library Alliance, "a consortium that supports the collaboration of information professionals dedicated to providing an array of resources designed to strengthen historically black colleges and Universities and their constituents."〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=HBCU Library Alliance )〕 Some colleges with a predominately black student body are not classified as a HBCU because they were founded (or opened their doors to African Americans) after the implementation of the ''Sweatt v. Painter'' and ''Brown v. Board of Education'' (1954) rulings by the U.S. Supreme Court (the court decisions which outlawed racial segregation of public education facilities) and the Higher Education Act of 1965. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Historically black colleges and universities」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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