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Haenyeo
Haenyeo, literally "sea women,” refers to female divers in the Korean province of Jeju. Known for their independent spirit, iron-will and determination, the haenyeo are representative of the semi-matriarchal family structure of Jeju.
== History of haenyeo ==
Jeju’s diving tradition dates back to 434 C.E.〔 In the beginning, diving was an exclusively male profession, with the exception of women who worked alongside their husbands.〔The first mention of female divers in literature does not come until the 17th century when a monograph of Jeju geography describes them as “Jam-Nyeo,” literally “diving women.”〔
By the 18th century, female divers, at this point commonly referred to as haenyeo, outnumbered male divers. Several explanations exist for this shift: 1) The government placed a heavy tax on harvests gathered by male divers〔 2) Between the 17th and 18th century, a significant number of men died at sea, either in war or deep-sea fishing accidents〔 3) Physiologically, women have more subcutaneous fat and a higher shivering threshold than men, making them more equipped to withstand cold waters.
Whatever the reason, as sea diving became a female-dominated industry, many of the haenyeo subsequently replaced their husbands as the primary breadwinner.〔〔 This trend was especially prominent after the Japanese colonized Korea in 1910 and sea-diving became much more lucrative. Up until this point, much of what the haenyeo harvested was given to the Choson government as tribute.〔 When the Japanese took over, however, they abolished this tradition, allowing haenyeo to sell their catch at market and make a profit.〔 Additionally, Japanese and Korean merchants hired haenyeo to work for them in Japan and on the Korean mainland as wage-laborers, increasing their financial situations greatly. On Yeonpyeong-ri, an island near Incheon where many haenyeo worked, their wages, on average, constituted 40 to 48 percent of a typical family’s total income.〔 The prominent place of haenyeo in Jeju’s economy and in their individual family units continued long after Japanese colonization. In the early 1960s, for example, haenyeo harvests accounted for 60% of Jeju’s fisheries revenue and 40% of haenyeo husbands remained unemployed.〔〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「Haenyeo」の詳細全文を読む
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