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Hedeby ((:ˈheːð̩byːˀ), Old Norse ''Heiðabýr'', German Haithabu or Haddeby) was an important trading settlement in the Danish-northern German borderland during the Viking Age. It flourished from the 8th to the 11th centuries. The site is located towards the southern end of the Jutland Peninsula. It developed as a trading centre at the head of a narrow, navigable inlet known as the Schlei, which connects to the Baltic Sea. The location was favorable because there is a short portage of less than 15 km to the Treene River, which flows into the Eider with its North Sea estuary, making it a convenient place where goods and ships could be ported overland for an almost uninterrupted seaway between the Baltic and the North Sea and avoid a dangerous and time-consuming circumnavigation of Jutland, providing Hedeby with a role similar to later Lübeck. Hedeby was the second largest Nordic city during the Viking Age, after Uppåkra in southern Sweden,〔Sveriges riksdag, (Motion 2009/10:Kr327 Fornlämningen Uppåkra ) 2009-10-05〕 and used to be the oldest city in Denmark until the site became part of Germany.〔The oldest town in modern Denmark is Ribe, first mentioned in 854.〕 The city of Schleswig was later founded on the other side of the Schlei, and gave the duchy its name. Old records mention two bridges connecting the two towns. Hedeby was abandoned after its destruction in 1066. The site of Hedeby is located in the Duchy of Schleswig, which was traditionally the personal territory of the kings of Denmark. But the Kingdom of Denmark lost the area to Austria and Prussia in 1864 in the Second Schleswig War, and it is now in Germany. Hedeby is now by far the most important archaeological site in Schleswig-Holstein. The Haithabu Museum was opened next to the site in 1985. ==Naming== Both in Viking times and in modern European languages, the names and spellings used for Hedeby have been varied and confusing.〔Research opinions on the naming issues differ slightly. The version given is based primarily on , p.13〕 * ''Hedeby'' is the accepted modern English and Danish spelling. * ''Heiðabýr'' is derived from old Scandinavian sources and is the oldest known name. It comes from ''heiðr'' = heathland, and ''býr'' = "yard" or "clearing/village/town", thus "heath yard", or "heath town". It is mentioned by Alfred the Great as ''aet Haethe'' (at the heath). * * ''Heithabyr'' is an English spelling of the Old Norse name. * ''Heidiba'' is a Latin form. * ''Haithabu'' is the modern German spelling used when referring to the historical settlement, it is also often used in this way in anglophone academic contexts. It is a revival of the Old Norse name, but whereas this language is usually rendered in its Latin spelling, curiously, in this case a transliteration of the spelling on a rune stone has been preferred. This is reflected in the name of the museum now located at the site. Another local rune stone, however, spells it "Hithabu". * ''Haddeby'' is the modern German spelling for the administrative district around the site of the original town. * ''Heddeby'' is also found. Ancient names for the nearby town of Schleswig are: * ''Sliesthorp'' in the earliest Saxon and Frankish texts. * ''Sliaswich'' in later Saxon and Frankish texts. It is possible that the two names were used interchangeably for the same settlement, depending on which language was being used. However, the fact that two settlements came into existence very close together creates further difficulties. While the settlement today referred to as Hedeby/Haithabu lies on the south side of the Schlei inlet, the settlement that grew up at around the same time on the north side has had a continuous history of habitation to modern times, and has now grown into the town known as Schleswig and given its name to the surrounding province. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hedeby」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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