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Half-proof ''(semiplena probatio)'' was a concept of medieval Roman law, describing a level of evidence between mere suspicion and the full proof needed to convict someone of a crime. The concept was introduced by the Glossators of the 1190s such as Azo, who gives such examples as a single witness or private documents.〔J. Franklin, ''The Science of Conjecture: Evidence and Probability Before Pascal'', Baltimore, 2001, pp. 18-19.〕 In cases where there was half-proof against a defendant, he might be allowed to take an oath as to his innocence, or he might be sent for torture to extract further evidence that could complete the burden of proof.〔Franklin, pp. 26-7, 59.〕 Sir Matthew Hale, the leading late 17th-century English jurist, wrote: "The evidence at Law which taken singly or apart makes but an imperfect proof, ''semiplena probatio'', yet in conjunction with others grows to a full proof, like Silurus his twigs, that were easily broken apart, but in conjunction or union were not to be broken."〔B. Shapiro, ''Probability and Certainty in Seventeenth-Century England'', Princeton, 1983, p. 180.〕 However, the concept never became firmly established in English law. In later times, half-proof was mentioned in 19th century Scots law〔J. Erskine, ''An Institute of the Law of Scotland'', ed. J. Ivory, Edinburgh, 1828, II: pp. 965, 972.〕 and in the 1917 Catholic Canon Law.〔Franklin, p. 369.〕 ==References== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Half-proof」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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