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Galicia ((ウクライナ語:Галичина,) ''Halychyna''; (ポーランド語:Galicja); (チェコ語:Halič); (ドイツ語:Galizien); (ハンガリー語:Galícia/Kaliz/Gácsország/Halics); (ルーマニア語、モルドバ語():Galiția/Halici); (ロシア語:Галиция/Галичина), ''Galitsiya/Galichina''; Rusyn: Галичина, ''Halychyna''; (スロバキア語:Halič); (イディッシュ語:גאַליציע), ''Galytsye'') is a historical and geographic region in Eastern Europe, once a small kingdom, that straddles the modern-day border between Poland and Ukraine. The area, which is named after the mediaeval city of Halych,〔(History of Galicia )〕〔(Ukrainian Historiacal Glossary )〕 was first mentioned in Hungarian historical chronicles in the year 1206 as ''Galiciæ''. The nucleus of historic Galicia lies within the modern regions of western Ukraine: Lviv, Ternopil and Ivano-Frankivsk near Halych. In the 18th century, territories that later became part of the modern Polish regions of Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Subcarpathian Voivodeship and Silesian Voivodeship were added to Galicia. There is considerable overlap between Galicia and south-west Ruthenia (Rusyn: Русь ''Rus'', (ウクライナ語:Русь) ''Rus'', Slovakian: ''Rus''), especially a cross-border region (centred on ''Zakarpattia Oblast'', the Transcarpathian Region of present-day Ukraine) that is inhabited by various nationalities, including the Rusyn minority. In this modern sense, "Ruthenia" straddles western Ukraine, Poland and Slovakia. ==Origins and variations of the name== In the 13th century, King Andrew II of Hungary claimed the title ''Rex Galiciae et Lodomeriae'' ("King of Galicia and Lodomeria")〔 – a Latinised version of the Slavic names Halych and Volodymyr, the major cities of the principality of Halych-Volhynia, which the Hungarians ruled from 1214 to 1221. Halych-Volhynia cut a swathe as a mighty principality under the reign of Roman the Great in 1170–1205. After the expulsion of the Hungarians in 1221, Ruthenians took back rule of the area. Roman's son Daniel of Galicia was crowned king of Halych-Volhynia. He founded Lviv (Leopolis), named in honour of his son Leo I, who later moved the capital from Halych to Lviv. The Ukrainian name ''Halych'' (Галич) (''Halicz'' in Polish, ''Галич'' in Russian, ''Galic'' in Latin) comes from the Khwalis or Kaliz who occupied the area from the time of the Magyars. They were also called ''Khalisioi'' in Greek, and ''Khvalis'' (Хваліс) in Ukrainian. Some historians speculated it had to do with a group of people of Celtic origin (i.e. Getae)〔(Galicia and Lodomeria ) at the Encyclopedia of Ukraine〕 that during the Iron Age moved into the area after Roman conquest of Dacia and may have formed the Lypytsia culture with the arrived Venedi people who moved in the region at the end of Le Tene period (La Tene culture).〔 The Lypytsia culture supposedly replaced the existing Thracian Hallstatt (see Thraco-Cimmerian) and Vysotske cultures.〔 Connection with Celtic peoples supposedly explains its relation to many similar place names found across Europe and Asia Minor, such as ancient Gallia or Gaul (modern France, Belgium, and northern Italy) and Galatia (modern Turkey), the Iberian Peninsula's Galicia, and Romanian Galaţi.〔 Others assert that the name has Slavic origins – from ''halytsa'' (''galitsa''), meaning "a naked (unwooded) hill", or from ''halka'' (''galka'') which means "a jackdaw". The jackdaw was used as a charge in the city's coat of arms and later also in the coat of arms of Galicia. The name, however, predates the coat of arms, which may represent canting or simply folk etymology. Although the Hungarians were driven out from Halych-Volhynia by 1221, Hungarian kings continued to add ''Galicia et Lodomeria'' to their official titles. In 1527, the Habsburgs inherited those titles, together with the Hungarian crown. In 1772, Empress Maria Theresa, Archduchess of Austria and Queen of Hungary, decided to use those historical claims to justify her participation in the first partition of Poland. In fact, the territories acquired by Austria did not correspond exactly to those of former Halych-Volhynia. Volhynia, including the city of Volodymyr-Volynskyi (Włodzimierz Wołyński) – after which Lodomeria was named – was taken by Russia, not Austria. On the other hand, much of Lesser Poland – Nowy Sącz and Przemyśl (1772–1918), Zamość (1772–1809), Lublin (1795–1809), Kraków (1846–1918) – did become part of Austrian Galicia. Moreover, despite the fact that the claim derived from the historical Hungarian crown, Galicia and Lodomeria was not officially assigned to Hungary, and after the Ausgleich of 1867, it found itself in Cisleithania, or the Austrian-administered part of Austria-Hungary. The full official name of the new Austrian province was Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria with the Duchies of Auschwitz and Zator. After the incorporation of the Free City of Kraków in 1846, it was extended to ''Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, and the Grand Duchy of Kraków with the Duchies of Auschwitz and Zator'' ((ドイツ語:Königreich Galizien und Lodomerien mit dem Großherzogtum Krakau und den Herzogtümern Auschwitz und Zator)). Each of those entities was formally separate; they were listed as such in the Austrian emperor's titles, each had its distinct coat-of-arms and flag. For administrative purposes, however, they formed a single province. The duchies of Auschwitz (Oświęcim) and Zator were small historical principalities west of Kraków, on the border with Prussian Silesia. Lodomeria, under the name Volhynia, was not ruled by Austria but by the Russian Empire. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Galicia (Eastern Europe)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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