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|website = |flag = }} Hamas ((アラビア語:حماس) ', an acronym of ' Islamic Resistance Movement) is a Palestinian Islamic〔 * "Hamas is a radical Islamic fundamentalist organization that has stated that its highest priority is a Jihad (holy war) for the liberation of Palestine ..." ''Peace and War: The Arab–Israeli Military Balance Enters the 21st Century'', by Anthony H. Cordesman, 2002, p. 243 () * "One of the secrets behind the success of Hamas is that it is an Islamic and national movement at one and the same time ..." "Hamas: Palestinian Identity, Islam, and National Sovereignty", by Meir Litvak, in ''Challenges to the Cohesion of the Arabic State'', by Asher Susser, 2008, p. 153.() * "Hamas is an Islamic fundamentalist movement founded in 1987 ..." ''Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues'', by Gus Martin, 2009, p. 153 () * "Hamas is an Islamic jihadist organization ..." ''Why Israel Can't Wait: The Coming War Between Israel and Iran'', by Jerome R. Corsi, 2009, p. 39.() * ("Understanding Islamism" ), Crisis Group Middle East/North Africa Report N°37, March 2, 2005 * * * "The New Hamas: Between Resistance and Participation". ''Middle East Report''. Graham Usher, August 21, 2005 * (【引用サイトリンク】title=Council on Foreign Relations )〕 organization, with an associated military wing, the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, in the Palestinian territories and elsewhere in the Middle East including Qatar. Hamas is designated as a terrorist organization by the European Union,〔 * (EU keeps Hamas on terror list despite court ruling ), 27/03/2015 * (Brussels Keeps Palestinian Hamas Movement on EU Terror Blacklist ), 27.03.2015 * (Statement by High Representative/Vice-President Federica Mogherini on the decision to appeal the Judgment regarding Hamas ), 19/01/2015〕〔See also: Hamas#International designation of Hamas〕 Canada, Israel, Egypt, Japan,〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Profile: Hamas Palestinian movement )〕〔(問10．ハマスとは何ですか )。Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan.' 日本は、ハマスを、国連安保理決議1373に基づいて、外国為替及び外国貿易法（外為法）に基づく資産凍結措置の対象としています。'On the basis of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1373, Japan applies to Hamas the frozen assets measures in accordance with its Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Law (Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Law).'〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=テロ資金対策 )〕〔According to Michael Penn, ((''Japan and the War on Terror: Military Force and Political Pressure in the US-Japanese Alliance'' ), I.B. Taurus 2014 pp.205-206), Japan initially welcomed the democratic character of the elections that brought Hamas to power, and only set conditions on its aid to Palestine, after intense pressure was exerted by the Bush Administration on Japan to alter its policy.〕 and the United States.〔("Country reports on terrorism 2005" )〕 Australia and the United Kingdom have designated the military wing of Hamas, the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, as a terrorist organization.〔( ' Hamas's Izz al-Din al-Qassam Brigades, )' Australian National Security:'Like its parent, Hamas is a multifaceted, well organised and relatively moderate organisation renowned for its extensive social service networks in the Palestinian Territories.'〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/324603/20140627-List_of_Proscribed_organisations_WEBSITE_final.pdf )〕 The organization is banned in Jordan.〔 It is not regarded as a terrorist organization by Iran,〔('Hamas is not a terrorist organization:Iran,' ) Iran Daily 1 May 2015.〕 Russia,〔("How to Confront Russia's Anti-American Foreign Policy" ) The Heritage Foundation. June 27, 2007〕 Norway,〔 (criticizes Norway on Hamas,' ) Views and News from Norway, 6 May 2011: Israeli President Shimon Peres has criticized the Norwegian government’s refusal to classify Hamas as a terrorist organization.' 〕 Switzerland,〔Daniel Möckli, ('Switzerland’s Controversial Middle East Policy,' ) Center for Security Studies, Zurich Vol.3, No. 35, June 2008〕 Brazil,〔 Juliana Barbassa, ('Brazil Terrorism Laws: No One Is A Terrorist,' ) Huffington Post 3 September 2015.〕 Turkey,〔 BBC News. June 4, 2010〕 China,〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Bank of China may have helped Hamas kill Jews )〕 and Qatar.〔Mirren Gidda,('Hamas Still Has Some Friends Left,' ) Time 25 July 2014.〕 Hamas was founded sometime in 1988〔Amal Jamal,( ''The Palestinian National Movement: Politics of Contention, 1967-2005,'' ) Indiana University Press, 2005 p.197 n.21.Dates differ, between December 1987-January 1988, and August 1988〕 soon after the First Intifada broke out, as an offshoot of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood,〔〔 which in its Gaza branch had been non-confrontational towards Israel, refrained from resistance, and was hostile to the PLO.〔Helena Lindholm Schulz ( ''The Reconstruction of Palestinian Nationalism: Between Revolution and Statehood,'' ) Manchester University Press, 1999 p.76〕 Co-founder Sheik Ahmed Yassin stated in 1987, and the Hamas Charter affirmed in 1988, that Hamas was founded to liberate Palestine, including modern-day Israel, from Israeli occupation and to establish an Islamic state in the area that is now Israel, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.〔Hamas (Islamic Resistance Movement), http://www.ict.org.il〕〔("Israeli Official Says Hamas Has Made Abbas Irrelevant" ) ''The New York Times'', February 27, 2006〕 The group has later stated that it may accept a 10-year truce if Israel withdraws to the 1967 borders and allows Palestinian refugees from 1948, as well as their descendants, to return to what is now Israel.〔Efraim Inbar. Israel's National Security: Issues and Challenges Since the Yom Kippur War. Routledge, Dec 21, 2007. p. 193〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Hamas )〕 The military wing of Hamas has launched attacks against Israeli soldiers and civilians. Tactics include suicide bombings, and since 2001, rocket attacks.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/agd/WWW/nationalsecurity.nsf/Page/What_Governments_are_doing_Listing_of_Terrorism_Organisations_Hamas&apos )〕〔 Hamas's rocket arsenal, though mainly consisting of short-range homemade Qassem rockets,〔 Mark Perry, ‘Gaza’s Bottle Rockets,’ in Gideon Rose (ed) https://books.google.it/books?id=GuWwBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT110 ''Clueless in Gaza,'' Foreign Affairs, 2014 p.110:’most of Hamas’ arsenal is homemade rockets that are decidedly incapable of inflicting mass civilian casualties, flattening apartment blocks, or causing conflagrations that consume entire cities. “Hamas’ rockets can kill people and they have,” a counter-intelligence veteran of the U.S., CIA who spent his career monitoring Israeli and Palestinian military capabilities, told me recently, “but compared to what the Israelis are using, the Palestinians are firing bottle rockets.”〕 also includes long-range weapons that have reached major Israeli cities including Tel Aviv and Haifa.〔(The Growing Reach of Hamas’s Rockets ). The New York Times. July 2014〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Hamas Rockets from Gaza Target Haifa, Reach Far into Northern Israel )〕 The attacks on civilians have been condemned as war crimes and crimes against humanity by human rights groups such as Human Rights Watch.〔(Israel/PA: Suicide Bombers Commit Crimes Against Humanity ). Human Rights Watch〕 In the January 2006 Palestinian parliamentary elections, Hamas won a decisive majority in the Palestinian Parliament, defeating the PLO-affiliated Fatah party. Following the elections, the Quartet (the United States, Russia, United Nations, and European Union) made future foreign assistance to the PA conditional upon the future government's commitment to non-violence, recognition of the state of Israel, and acceptance of previous agreements. Hamas rejected those changes, which led to the Quartet suspending its foreign assistance program and Israel imposing economic sanctions on the Hamas-led administration.〔http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/68794.pdf〕 In March 2007, a national unity government headed by Prime Minister Ismail Haniyeh of Hamas was briefly formed, but this failed to restart international financial assistance.〔 * (Hamas ) ''New York Times'', June 18, 2010 "The pact did not succeed in restoring the flow of aid and did not last. Clashes between the two groups steadily escalated until gunmen loyal to Hamas took control of Gaza in June, ousting the remnants of Fatah." * (Backgrounder: Hamas ). Council of Foreign Relations. August 27, 2009, "In the summer of 2007, Hamas tensions with the Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas, a Fatah man, came to a head and Hamas routed Fatah supporters, killing many and sending others fleeing to the West Bank. The result was a de facto geographic division of Palestinian-held territory, with Hamas holding sway in Gaza and Fatah maintaining the internationally recognized Palestinian Authority government in the West Bank town of Ramallah." 〕 Tensions over control of Palestinian security forces soon erupted in the 2007 Battle of Gaza,〔 after which Hamas took control of Gaza, while its officials were ousted from government positions in the West Bank.〔 Israel and Egypt then imposed an economic blockade of the Gaza Strip, on the grounds that Fatah forces were no longer providing security there. In 2011, Hamas and Fatah announced a reconciliation agreement that provides for creation of a joint caretaker Palestinian government.〔("Palestinian rivals Hamas and Fatah sign reconciliation deal" ) ''The Guardian (UK)'', May 4, 2011〕 Progress stalled, until an April 2014 agreement to form a compromise unity government, with elections to be held in late 2014. In 2006, Hamas used an underground cross-border tunnel to capture the Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit, holding him captive until 2011, when he was released in exchange for 1,027 Palestinian prisoners. Since then, Hamas has continued building a network of internal and cross-border tunnels,〔(Inside the tunnels Hamas built: Israel's struggle against new tactic in Gaza war ). The Guardian〕 which are used to store and deploy weapons, shield militants, and facilitate cross-border attacks. Destroying the tunnels was a primary objective of Israeli forces in the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict. ==Etymology== ''Hamas'' is an acronym of the Arabic phrase حركة المقاومة الاسلامية or ''Harakat al-Muqāwama al-Islāmiyya'', meaning "Islamic Resistance Movement". The Arabic word 'Hamas' (حماس) means "enthusiasm" or "zeal". The Hamas covenant interprets its name to mean "strength and bravery".〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hamas」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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