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| image_link= | image_caption=The start of a game of ''Koi-Koi''| designer=| publisher=| players=2–6| ages=8 and up| setup_time=2 minutes| playing_time= 10–180 minutes | complexity=Low | strategy=Medium | random_chance=Medium | skills= Probabilistic analysis Strategic thought| bggid= 5451 | footnotes= | }} are playing cards of Japanese origin that are used to play a number of games. The name literally translates as "flower cards."〔(Games played with Flower Cards )〕〔Pakarnian, John, "Game Boy: Glossary of Japanese Gambling Games", ''Metropolis'', January 22, 2010, p. 15.〕 The name also refers to games played with those cards. ==History== In 1549, the 18th year of Tenbun, a missionary Francis Xavier landed in Japan and the crew of his ship had carried a set of 48 Portuguese ''Hombre'' playing cards from Europe, and eventually card games became popular, along with their use for gambling. When Japan subsequently closed off all contact with the Western world in 1633, foreign playing cards were banned.〔Harris, Blake J., Console Wars: Sega, Nintendo, and the Battle that Defined a Generation, It Books, 2014-May-13. ISBN 978-0062276698. "Chapter 5"〕 Despite that prohibition, gambling with cards remained highly popular. Private gambling during the Tokugawa Shogunate was illegal. Because playing with card games per se was not banned, new cards were created with different designs to avoid the restriction. For example, an anonymous game player designed a card game known as ''Unsun Karuta''. These cards were decorated with Chinese art, each depicting Chinese warriors, weaponry, armor, and dragons. This deck consisted of 75 cards, and was not as popular as the Western card games had been, simply because of the difficulty of becoming familiar with the system. Each time gambling with a card deck of a particular design became too popular, the government banned those cards, which then prompted the creation of new ones. This cat and mouse game between the government and rebellious gamblers resulted in the creation of many differing designs. Through the rest of the Edo era through the Meiwa, Anei, and Tenmei eras (roughly 1765–1788), a game called ''Mekuri Karuta'' took the place of ''Unsun Karuta''. Consisting of a 48-card deck divided into four sets of 12, it became wildly popular and was one of the most common forms of gambling during this time period. In fact, it became so commonly used for gambling that it was banned in 1791, during the Kansei Era. Over the next few decades, several new card games were developed and subsequently banned because they were used almost exclusively for gambling purposes. However, the government began to realize that some form of card games would always be played by the populace, and began to relax their laws against gambling. The eventual result of all this was a game called ''Hanafuda'', which combined traditional Japanese games with Western-style playing cards. Because hanafuda cards do not have numbers (the main purpose is to associate images) and the long length to complete a game, it has a partially limited use for gambling. However, it is still possible to gamble by assigning points for completed image combinations. By this point, however, card games were not nearly as popular as they had been due to past governmental repression. In 1889, Fusajiro Yamauchi founded ''Nintendo Koppai'' for the purposes of producing and selling hand-crafted ''Hanafuda'' cards painted on mulberry tree bark. Though it took a while to catch on, soon the Yakuza began using ''Hanafuda'' cards in their gambling parlors, and card games became popular in Japan again. Today, despite its focus on video games, Nintendo still produces the cards, including a special edition Mario themed set for Club Nintendo. This is mostly in recognition of its own company history, rather than specifically for the profit. In 2006, Nintendo published Clubhouse Games (''42 All-Time Classics'' in the United Kingdom) for the Nintendo DS, which included the Hawaiian version of the game, ''Koi-Koi''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hanafuda」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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