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The Hanbali school ((アラビア語:المذهب الحنبلي)) is one of the four orthodox Sunni Islamic schools of jurisprudence (fiqh).〔Hisham M. Ramadan (2006), Understanding Islamic Law: From Classical to Contemporary, Rowman Altamira, ISBN 978-0759109919, p. 24-29〕 It is named after the Iraqi scholar Ahmad ibn Hanbal (d. 855), and was institutionalized by his students. The Hanbali madhhab is the smallest of four major Sunni schools, the others being the Hanafi, Maliki and Shafi'i.〔Gregory Mack, Jurisprudence, in Gerhard Böwering et al (2012), The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0691134840, p. 289〕〔(Sunnite ) Encyclopedia Britannica (2014)〕 Hanbali school derives Sharia predominantly from the Quran, the Hadiths (sayings and customs of Muhammad), and the views of Sahabah (Muhammad's companions).〔 In cases where there is no clear answer in sacred texts of Islam, the Hanbali school does not accept jurist discretion or customs of a community as a sound basis to derive Islamic law, a method that Hanafi and Maliki Sunni fiqhs accept. Hanbali school is the strict traditionalist school of jurisprudence in Sunni Islam.〔Ziauddin Sardar (2014), Mecca: The Sacred City, Bloomsbury, ISBN 978-1620402665, p. 100〕 It is found primarily in Saudi Arabia and Qatar, where it is the official fiqh.〔Daryl Champion (2002), The Paradoxical Kingdom: Saudi Arabia and the Momentum of Reform, Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0231128148, p. 23 footnote 7〕〔(State of Qatar ) School of Law, Emory University〕 Hanbali followers are the demographic majority in four emirates of UAE (Sharjah, Umm al-Quwain, Ras al-Khaimah and Ajman).〔Barry Rubin (2009), Guide to Islamist Movements, Volume 2, ME Sharpe, ISBN 978-0765617477, p. 310〕 Large minorities of Hanbali followers are also found in Bahrain, Oman and Yemen and within Iraqi and Jordaninan bedouins.〔〔Mohammad Hashim Kamali (2008), Shari'ah Law: An Introduction, ISBN 978-1851685653, Chapter 4〕 The Hanbali school was the forerunner of the Wahhabi-Salafist movement.〔 Historically the school was small; during the 18th to early-20th century Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab and Al Saud greatly aided its propagation around the world. ==History== Ahmad ibn Hanbal, the founder of Hanbali school, was a disciple of Al-Shafi‘i. Like Shafi'i and al-Zahiri, he was deeply concerned with the extreme elasticity being deployed by many jurists of his time, who used their discretion to reinterpret the doctrines of Quran and Hadiths to suit the demands of Caliphs and wealthy.〔 Ibn Hanbal advocated return to literal interpretation of Quran and Hadiths. Influenced by the debates of his time, he was known for rejecting religious rulings (''Ijtihad'') from the consensus of jurists of his time, which he considered to be speculative theology (''Kalam''). He associated them with the Mu'tazilis, who he despised. Ibn Hanbal was also hostile to the discretionary principles of rulings in jurisprudence (''Usul al-fiqh''), which were established by his predecessors; Al-Shaf'i, Imam Malik and Abu Hanifa. He linked these discretionary principles with ''kalam''. His guiding principle was that the Quran and Sunnah are the only proper sources of Islamic jurisprudence, and are of equal authority and should be interpreted literally in line with the Athari creed. He also believed that there can be no true consensus (''Ijma'') among jurists (mujtahids) of his time,〔 and preferred the consensus of Muhammad's companions (''Sahaba'') and weaker hadiths. Imam Hanbal himself compiled ''Al-Musnad'', a text with over 30,000 saying, actions and customs of Muhammad.〔 Ibn Hanbal never composed an actual systematic legal theory on his own, though his followers established a systemic method after his death.〔I. M. Al-Jubouri, ''Islamic Thought: From Mohammed to September 11, 2001'', pg. 122. Bloomington: Xlibris, 2010. ISBN 9781453595855〕 Much of the work of preserving the school based on Ibn Hanbal's method was laid by his student Abu Bakr al-Khallal; his documentation on the founder's views eventually reached twenty volumes.〔Abu Zayd Bakr bin Abdullah, ''Madkhal al-mufassal ila fiqh al-Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal wa-takhrijat al-ashab''. Riyadh: Dar al 'Aminah, 2007.〕 The original copy of the work, which was contained in the House of Wisdom, was burned along with many other works of literature during the Mongol siege of Baghdad. The book was only preserved in a summarized form by the Hanbali jurist al-Khiraqi, who had access to written copies of al-Khallal's book before the siege.〔 Relations with the Abbasid Caliphate were rocky for the Hanbalites. Led by the Hanbalite scholar Al-Hasan ibn 'Ali al-Barbahari, the school often formed mobs of followers in 10th-century Baghdad who would engage in violence against fellow Sunnis suspected of committing sins and all Shi'ites.〔Joel L. Kraemer, Humanism in the Renaissance of Islam: The Cultural Revival During the Buyid Age, pg. 61. Volume 7 of Studies in Islamic culture and history. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 1992. ISBN 9789004097360〕 During al-Barbahari's leadership of the school in Baghdad, shops were looted,〔Christopher Melchert, Studies in Islamic Law and Society, vol. 4, pg. 151. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 1997.〕 female entertainers were attacked in the streets,〔 popular grievances among the lower classes were agitated as a source of mobilization,〔Ira M. Lapidus, Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History, pg. 192. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. ISBN 9780521514415〕 and public chaos in general ensued.〔Joel L. Kraemer, pg. 62.〕 Their efforts would be their own undoing in 935, when a series of home invasions and mob violence on the part of al-Barbahari's followers in addition to perceived deviant views let to the Caliph Ar-Radi publicly condemning the school in its entirety and ending its official patronage by state religious bodies.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hanbali」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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