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Hannibal (247 – 183 181 ), fully Hannibal Barca, was a Punic Carthaginian military commander, generally considered one of the greatest military commanders in history. His father Hamilcar Barca was the leading Carthaginian commander during the First Punic War. His younger brothers were Mago and Hasdrubal, and he was brother-in-law to Hasdrubal the Fair. Hannibal lived during a period of great tension in the Mediterranean, when the Roman Republic established its supremacy over other great powers such as Carthage and the Hellenistic kingdoms of Macedon, Syracuse, and the Seleucid Empire. One of his most famous achievements was at the outbreak of the Second Punic War, when he marched an army which included elephants from Iberia over the Pyrenees and the Alps into Italy. In his first few years in Italy, he won three dramatic victories—Trebia, Trasimene, and Cannae, in which he distinguished himself for his ability to determine his and his opponent's strengths and weaknesses, and to play the battle to his strengths and the enemy's weaknesses—and won over many allies of Rome. Hannibal occupied much of Italy for 15 years, but a Roman counter-invasion of North Africa forced him to return to Carthage, where he was decisively defeated by Scipio Africanus at the Battle of Zama. Scipio had studied Hannibal's tactics and brilliantly devised some of his own, and finally defeated Rome's nemesis at Zama, having previously driven Hannibal's brother Hasdrubal out of the Iberian Peninsula. After the war, Hannibal successfully ran for the office of suffete. He enacted political and financial reforms to enable the payment of the war indemnity imposed by Rome; however, Hannibal's reforms were unpopular with members of the Carthaginian aristocracy and in Rome, and he fled into voluntary exile. During this time, he lived at the Seleucid court, where he acted as military advisor to Antiochus III in his war against Rome. Antiochus met defeat at the Battle of Magnesia and was forced to accept Rome's terms, and Hannibal fled again, making a stop in Armenia. His flight ended in the court of Bithynia, where he achieved an outstanding naval victory against a fleet from Pergamon. He was afterwards betrayed to the Romans and committed suicide by poisoning himself. Hannibal is often regarded as one of the greatest military strategists in history and one of the greatest generals of antiquity, together with Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar, Scipio, and Pyrrhus of Epirus. Plutarch states that Hannibal was questioned by Scipio as to who was the greatest general, and Hannibal replied either Alexander or Pyrrhus, then himself,〔Plutarch, and when asked what his choices would be if he had beaten Scipio, he replied that he would be the best of them all ''Life of Titus Flamininus'' 21.3-4.〕 or, according to another version of the event, Pyrrhus, Scipio, then himself.〔Plutarch, ''Life of Pyrrhus'' 8.2.〕 Military historian Theodore Ayrault Dodge called Hannibal the ''"father of strategy"'', because his greatest enemy, Rome, came to adopt elements of his military tactics in its own strategic arsenal. This praise has earned him a strong reputation in the modern world, and he was regarded as a great strategist by men like Napoleon Bonaparte. ==Name== The English form of the name is derived from the Latin. Greek historians rendered the name as ''Anníbas Bárkas'' (). Hannibal was his given name. Like most Semitic languages, Punic was written right to left and without vowels, so that Hannibal's name was recorded in Carthaginian sources as LʻBNḤ (). Its precise vocalization remains a matter of debate. Suggested readings include: # ''Ḥannibaʻl'' or ''Ḥannibaʻal'',〔〔 meaning "grace of Ba'al",〔Benz, Franz L. 1982. Personal Names in the Phoenician and Punic Inscriptions. P.313-314〕 "Ba'al is gracious", or "Ba'al has been gracious";〔Baier, Thomas. 2004. Studien zu Plautus' Poenulus. P.174〕〔Friedrich, Johannes, Wolfgang Röllig, Maria Giulia Amadasi, and Werner R. Mayer. 1999. Phönizisch-Punische Grammatik. P.53.〕 # ''Ḥannobaʻal'', with the same meaning;〔 and # ''ʼAdnibaʻal'' (, LʻBNDʻ), meaning "lord Ba'al", "Ba'al is lord", or "Ba'al is my lord".〔Brown, John Pairman. 2000. Israel and Hellas: Sacred institutions with Roman counterparts. P.126–128〕 Barca (, QRB) was the surname of his aristocratic family, meaning "shining" or "lightning".〔.〕 It is thus equivalent to the Hebrew name Barak or the Greek epithet ''keraunos'', commonly given to military commanders in the Hellenistic period.〔S. Lancel, ''Hannibal'' p.6.〕 In English, his clan are sometimes collectively known as the Barcids. As with Greek and Roman practice, patronymics were a common part of Carthaginian nomenclature, so that Hannibal would have also been known as .〔Ameling, Walter ''Karthago: Studien zu Militär, Staat und Gesellschaft'' pp. 81–2〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hannibal」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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