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Hanımefendi
Hanımefendi (, also Hanım Efendi, Khanum Effendi, from ''Khanum'' + ''Effendi'' ) was the title given to the imperial consort of the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, who came below the rank of Kadınefendi.〔Kadın efendiler: 1839-1924, by Harun Açba〕〔Öztuna, Yilmaz, "Deletler ve Hanedanler", Vol: 2, Ministry of Culture Publications, London (1996), s.924〕 The title was given to the İkbâls and Gözdes of the Sultan, which appeared for the first time in the reign of Sultan Mustafa II.〔Saray hatıralarım, by Safiye Ünüvar〕 The title was also given to the official consorts of the Şehzades (Ottoman imperial princes), which was limited to only four, and were also called Gözde.〔Kadın efendiler: 1839-1924〕 The Sultans usually had three, four〔Kadın efendiler: 1839-1924〕 and six İkbâls, and four, five Gözdes〔The Ottoman Lady: A Social History from 1718 to 1918 by Fanny Davis〕 with the title of Hanımefendi.〔Kadın efendiler: 1839-1924〕 The İkbâls were the women singled out as favorite companions of the Sultan who were in line for promotion to the rank of Kadınefendi, on the death or divorce of one of the latter. The Hanımefendis sometime became the mothers of the Sultans children and after their death their children were given to Kadınefendis to raise.〔Kadın efendiler: 1839-1924〕
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抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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