|
''Hapa'' is a term used to describe a person of mixed ethnic heritage. The term originates in Hawaii from the Hawaiian Pidgin word for "part" or "mixed".〔Bernstein and De la Cruz (2009), p. 723〕 In Hawaii, the word refers to any person of mixed ethnic heritage, regardless of the specific mixture.〔Bernstein and De la Cruz (2009), p. 723: "Thus, for locals in Hawai’i, both hapa or hapa haole are used to depict people of mixed-race heritage."〕〔Taniguchi and Heidenreich (2005), p. 137: "Currently, Hawaiian locals use Hapa to refer to any individual who is racially mixed."〕 In California, the term has recently been used for any person of part Asian or Pacific Islander descent. Therefore, there are two concurrent usages.〔Huynh-Hohnbaum (2009), p. 437: "The term "hapa" is commonly used to refer to multiracial Asian and Pacific Islanders (APIs) and originates from a Native Hawaiian word."〕〔Bernstein and De la Cruz (2009), p. 723: "Today, Hapa is used to describe any person of mixed Asian Pacific American descent."〕〔Ozaki and Johnston (2009), pp. 53–54: "Currently, hapa is often used to refer to anyone of a racially mixed Asian heritage, and even more recently to anyone who is of mixed-race heritage (Taniguchi and Heidenreich, 2005)."〕〔 "Jonathan Okamura, professor of ethnic studies at the University of Hawai`i at Manoa, explained that although hapa is a word that describes all people of mixed ancestry, hapa is primarily used to describe people who are half white and half Asian American."〕〔Taniguchi and Heidenreich (2005), p. 135: "In California, individuals recognized the term as meaning mixed Asian/Pacific Islander or, more popularly, part Asian."〕 ==Etymology and usage== The term ''hapa'' comes from a Hawaiian Pidgin word that denotes a part or fragment of something, itself a loan from the English word ''half''. When applied to people, this denotes that such people are of mixed descent. Used without qualification, ''hapa'' is often taken to mean "part White" and is shorthand for ''hapa haole''. The term can be used in conjunction with other Hawaiian racial and ethnic descriptors to specify a particular racial or ethnic mixture. Examples of this is ''hapa haole'' (part European/White).〔Easley (1995), p. 76: "'Hapa haole' is a commonly used phrase in Hawaii, employed by all Asian subgroups, but Hawaiian in origin. The phrase literally translates into "of part-white ancestry or origin.""〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Hapa Haole )〕 Pukui states that the original meaning of the word ''haole'' was "foreigner". Therefore, all non-Hawaiians can be called ''haole''. In practical terms, however, the term is used as a racial description for Caucasians (whites), with the specific exclusion of Portuguese. Portuguese were traditionally considered to be a separate race in Hawaii. Some see the use of the term as a misappropriation of Hawaiian culture.〔〔Taniguchi and Heidenreich (2005), p. 138: "Prominent figures in the Hawaiian sovereignty movement, such as the Trask sisters, have spoken out against the co-optation of the Hawaiian language by Hapa organizations and other “inappropriate” uses of the term."〕〔Dariotis (2007)〕 ''Hapa-haole'' also is the name of a type of Hawaiian music in which the tune, styling, and/or subject matter is Hawaiian, but the lyrics are partly, mostly, or entirely in English. Many hapa-haole songs had their musical roots in the Western tradition, and the lyrics were in some combination of English and Hawaiian; these songs first gained popularity outside the Territory of Hawaii beginning in 1912–1915,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Barack Obama, the Aloha Zen President )〕 and include titles such as "My Little Grass Shack in Kealakekua" and "Sweet Leilani".〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World )〕 ''Hapa haole'' is also used for Hawaiian-language hula songs that are partly in English, thus disqualifying them as "authentic" Hawaiian hula in some venues such as the Merrie Monarch Festival. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hapa」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|