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In late Greek mythology as developed in Ptolemaic Alexandria, Harpocrates () is the god of silence. Harpocrates was adapted by the Greeks from the Egyptian child god Horus. To the ancient Egyptians, Horus represented the newborn Sun, rising each day at dawn. When the Greeks conquered Egypt under Alexander the Great, they transformed the Egyptian Horus into their Hellenistic god known as Harpocrates, a rendering from Egyptian ''Har-pa-khered'' or ''Heru-pa-khered'' (meaning "Horus the Child"). ==Horus== In Egyptian mythology, Horus was conceived by Isis, the mother goddess, from Osiris, the original god-king of Egypt, who had been murdered by his brother Set,〔The Hellenes, by ''interpretatio graeca'', identified Set with Typhon, or Chaos.〕 and thus became the god of the underworld. The Greeks melded Osiris with their underworld god, Hades, to produce the essentially Alexandrian syncretism, Serapis. Among the Egyptians the full-grown Horus was considered the victorious god of the Sun who each day overcomes darkness. He is often represented with the head of a sparrowhawk, which was sacred to him, as the hawk flies high above the Earth. Horus fought battles against Set, until he finally achieved victory and became the ruler of Egypt. All the Pharaohs of Egypt were seen as reincarnations of the victorious Horus. Stelae depicting Heru-pa-Khered standing on the back of a crocodile and holding snakes in his outstretched hands were erected in Egyptian temple courtyards, where they would be immersed or lustrated in water; the water was then used for blessing and healing purposes as the name of Heru-pa-Khered was itself attributed with many protective and healing powers. In the Alexandrian and Roman renewed vogue for mystery cults at the turn of the millennium — mystery cults had already existed for almost a millennium — the worship of Horus became widely extended, linked with Isis (his mother) and Serapis (Osiris, his father). In this way Harpocrates, the child Horus, personifies the newborn sun each day, the first strength of the winter sun, and also the image of early vegetation. Egyptian statues represent the child Horus, pictured as a naked boy with his finger on his chin with the fingertip just below the lips of his mouth, a realization of the hieroglyph for "child" that is unrelated to the Greco-Roman and modern gesture for "silence". Misunderstanding this sign, the later Greeks and Roman poets made Harpocrates the god of silence and secrecy, taking their cue from Marcus Terentius Varro, who asserted in ''De lingua Latina'' of ''Caelum'' (Sky) and ''Terra'' (Earth) "These gods are the same as those who in Egypt are called Serapis and Isis,〔Only by ''interpretatio romana''; in actuality Serapis was a syncretic Hellenistic-Egyptian creation disseminated by Roman imperium, and Isis was linked in Egyptian culture with Osiris.〕 though Harpocrates with his finger makes a sign to me to be quiet. The same first gods were in Latium called Saturn and Ops." Ovid described Isis: "Upon her Isis' brow stood the crescent moon-horns, garlanded with glittering heads of golden grain, and grace of royal dignity; and at her side the baying dog Anubis, dappled Apis, sacred Bubastis and the god who holds his finger to his lips for silence sake."〔Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' 9:688 - 9:692. Inexpensive cast terracotta images of Harpocrates, suitable for house shrines, are found scattered throughout the Roman Empire. Thus Augustine of Hippo was aware of the iconic gesture of Harpocrates: "And since in practically all the temples where Serapis and Isis were worshiped there was also a figure that seemed to enjoin silence by a finger pressed against its lips, Varro thinks this had the same meaning, that no mention should be made of their having been human beings"〔Augustine, ''City of God'', XVIII.〕 Martianus Capella, author of an allegorizing textbook that remained a standard through the Middle Ages recognized the image of the "boy with his finger pressed to his lips" but neglected to mention Harpocrates' name: "''... quidam redimitus puer ad os compresso digito salutari silentium commonebat''". The boy was identified, however, as Cupid in glosses,〔Dale Kinney, "Spolia from the Baths of Caracalla in Sta. Maria in Trastevere" ''The Art Bulletin'' 68.3, September 1986:379-397, "Isis and Serapis in medieval mythography" p. 391 note 73.〕 a syncresis that had already resulted in the figure of Harpocratic Cupid (''illustration, right''). Plutarch wrote that Harpocrates was the second son of Isis and that he was born prematurely with lame legs. Horus the Child became the special protector of children and their mothers. As he was healed of a poisonous snake bite by Re he became a symbol of hope in the gods looking after suffering humanity.〔"''Egyptian Mythology"'', Geraldine Pinch, p. 147, Oxford University Press US, 2004, ISBN 0-19-517024-5〕 Another solar cult, not directly connected with Harpocrates, was that of the Unconquered Sun, ''Sol Invictus''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Harpocrates」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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