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The Hatkars were an ancient people who inhabited the land of Marhatta in South India (present-day Karnataka-Maharashtra) of India. The group was documented at least as early as the empire of Satavahana dynasty ( 230 BC), And 8th c.The earliest mention of spoken Marathi and Marhatta people is found in a literary work (Kuvalaymala by Udyotansuri).〔Maharashtra Sanskruti by P G Sahastrabuddhe〕 Hatkars are archaically transliterated as HattiKara or Barhatta, BaraHatti in Local languages. ==Etymology== The word ''Hatkar'' is popularly derived from the Marathi ''hat'' (हठ, "obstinacy") and ''kar'' (कर, "doer"), meaning "obstinate" or "stubborn"; In 1342, the Moroccan traveller Ibn Battuta referred to all the native inhabitants of Deogiri region as belonging collectively to the "tribe" of 'Marhatas'.〔Ibn Batutta, Travels in Asia and Africa, 1325–1354, trans. H. A. R. Gibbs (1929; reprint Delhi, 1986)227–228)〕〔A social history of the Deccan, 1300–1761: eight Indian lives, Volume 1 By Richard Maxwell Eaton, pg 191〕 (Maratha (Singular) / Marathe (Plural)/ Bar-hatta, i.e. Hatkar) (Hatkars of Western Maharashtra and Konkan are also called Maratha Dhangar). 〔The Castes and Tribes of H. E. H. The Nizam’s Dominions, Bombay. 1920, pp. 248–66.〕〔S.B. Joshi. ’Etymology of place-names’, Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Vol. 13, 1952, 5066;〕〔also see Sontheimer. Pastoral Deities of Western India. London, 1989, p. 127.〕〔Landscapes in Conflict: Flocks, Hero-stones, and Cult in early medieval Maharashtra. Ajay Dandekar. Centre For Historical Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University〕〔see also modern day Marathwada(Bar/ Mara-tha-wada) i.e. area around Hingoli〕 In Arthashastra by Chanakya Kautilya Hatak means Spear/Bhala.〔Kautilya's Arthshastra By B. K. Chaturvedi,Page 60〕 The ''Arthashastra'' (Sanskrit: ''अर्थशास्त्र''; IAST: ''Arthaśāstra'') is an ancient Indian treatise on statecraft, economic policy and military strategy, written in Sanskrit. It identifies its author by the names "Kauṭilya"〔 〕 The Hatkar formerly when going on any expedition, took only a blanket seven hands long and a bear-spear (Barcha/Barchi in Marathi), and that on this account they were called Bargir, or Barga Dhangars or Bargi.〔The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions, by Syed Siraj ul Hassan〕〔The Tribes and Castes of Bombay by Reginald Edward Enthoven〕 ''Bargi'' is corruption of a Marathi word Bargir which meant Horsemen who were provided with horses and arms by the Maratha Empire who were exclusively Hatkar in contrast to the Shiledar, who had their own horses and arms.〔Sengupta, Nitish, ''History of the Bengali-speaking People'', 2001/2002, pp.132-137, UBS Publishers' Distributors Pvt. Ltd., ISBN 81-7476-355-4〕 Hatkars are called also Barahatti / Barhatta / Bargahi / Baragahi / Barahghar / Bande Revolutionary / Zende Brave or Telwar Lingayat〔People of India: Maharashtra, Volume 2 edited by B. V. Bhanu〕 Dhangars of Karnataka and Goa are also called as Gavali. In old Kannada lexicon Hattikara means Govali or cowherd. Today Hattikara or Hatkar and Dhangar are exclusively used for the shepherd caste of Maharashtra. Holkars are also Hatkar-Dhangar.〔See R. C. Dhere, Shikar Shingnapurcha ShriShambhu Mahadeo, 2001, Pune, (Marathi), Pg. 276, 277, 288, 297, 307, 312, 338, 384, 221, 143, 127, 78, 67, 45, 2〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hatkar」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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