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In Māori mythology, ''Hawaiki'' is the original home of the Māori, before they travelled across the sea to New Zealand. It also features as the underworld in many Māori stories. == Etymology== Linguists have reconstructed the term to Proto-Nuclear Polynesian '' *sawaiki''.〔(Polynesian Lexicon Project Online )〕 The Māori word ''Hawaiki'' figures in legends about the arrival of the Māori in Aotearoa (New Zealand). The same concept appears in other Polynesian cultures, the name appearing variously as ''Havaiki'', ''Havai'i'', or Avaiki'' in other Polynesian languages, though ''Hawaiki'' or the misspelling "Hawaiiki" appear to have become the most common variants used in English. Even though the Sāmoans have preserved no traditions of having originated elsewhere, the name of the largest Sāmoan island Savaii preserves a cognate with the word ''Hawaiki'', as does the name of the Polynesian islands of Hawaii (the okina denoting a glottal stop that replaces the "k" in some Polynesian languages). On several island groups including New Zealand and the Marquesas the term has been recorded as associated with the underworld and death.〔 William Wyatt Gill discusses at length the legends about 'Avaiki as the underworld or Hades of Mangaia in the Cook Islands.〔Gill, William Wyatt, 1876. ''Myths and Songs from the South Pacific.'' Henry S. King, London, pp 152–174.〕 Gill (1876:155) records a proverb: ''Ua po Avaiki, ua ao nunga nei'' – 'Tis night now in spirit-land, for 'tis light in this upper world." Tregear (1891:392) also records the term Avaiki as meaning "underworld" at Mangaia, probably sourced from Gill.〔This meaning may be archaic or forgotten in the Cook Islands today. Buse (1996:90) in his dictionary ''Cook Islands Maori Dictionary with English Finderlist'' (edited by Bruce Biggs and Rangi Moeka) has this entry: Avaiki, prop. n. ''Hawaiki'', the legendary homeland of the Polynesians. ''I tere tū mai rātou mei 'Avaiki.'' They voyaged direct from ''Hawaiki''.〕 There is of course no real contradiction in Hawaiki being the ancestral homeland (that is, the dwelling place of the ancestors) and the underworld, which is also the dwelling place of the ancestors and the spirits. Other possible cognates of the word ''Hawaiki'' include ''sauali'i'' ("spirits" in Sāmoan) and ''hou'eiki'' ("chiefs" in Tongan). This has led some scholars to hypothesize that the word ''Hawaiki'', and, by extension, ''Savai'i'' and ''Hawaii'', may not, in fact, have originally referred to a geographical place, but rather to chiefly ancestors and the chief-based social structure that pre-colonial Polynesia typically exhibited (Taumoefolau 1996). On Easter Island, the name of the mythical home country appears as ''Hiva''. According to Thor Heyerdahl ''Hiva'' allegedly lay east of the island. Sebastian Englert records:
Englert puts forward the claim that Hiva lies to the West of the island.〔 Englert notes that the phrase "The island towards the sun, above" seems to mean that, seen from Hiva, it lay towards the rising sun. Sourced from http://www.rongorongo.org/leyendas/008.htm 〕 The name "Hiva" is found in the Marquesas Islands, in the names of several islands: Nuku Hiva, Hiva Oa and Fatu Hiva (although in Fatu Hiva the "hiva" element may be a different word, ''ʻiva''). It is also notable that in the Hawaiian Islands, the ancestral homeland is called ''Kahiki'' (a cognate of Tahiti, where at least part of the Hawaiian population came from). == Legends == According to various oral traditions, the Polynesians migrated from Hawaiki to the islands of the Pacific Ocean in open canoes, little different from the traditional craft found in Polynesia today. The Māori people of New Zealand trace their ancestry to groups of people who reportedly travelled from Hawaiki in about 40 named canoes (''waka'') (compare the discredited Great Fleet theory of the Polynesian settlement of New Zealand). Polynesian oral traditions say that the spirits of Polynesian people return to Hawaiki after death. In the New Zealand context, such return-journeys take place via Spirits Bay, Cape Reinga and the Three Kings Islands at the extreme north of the North Island of New Zealand — giving a possible pointer as to the direction in which Hawaiki may lie. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hawaiki」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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