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''Hedyotis'' (starviolet) is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. Many species of this genus such as ''Hedyotis biflora, H. corymbosa'' and ''H. diffusa'' are well known medicinal plants. The hedyotis is native to tropical and subtropical Asia and to islands of the northwest Pacific.〔David J. Mabberley. 2008. ''Mabberley's Plant-Book'' third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK. ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4〕 It comprises about 115 species.〔Inge Groeninckx, Steven Dessein, Helga Ochoterena, Claes Persson, Timothy J. Motley, Jesper Kårehed, Birgitta Bremer, Suzy Huysmans, and Erik Smets. 2009. "Phylogeny of the herbaceous tribe Spermacoceae (Rubiaceae) based on plastid DNA data". ''Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden'' 96(1):109-132.〕 The type species for the genus is ''Hedyotis fruticosa''.〔''Hedyotis'' In: Index Nominum Genericorum. In: Regnum Vegetabile (see ''External links'' below).〕 ''Hedyotis'' was named by Linnaeus in 1753 in ''Species Plantarum''.〔Carolus Linnaeus. 1753. ''Species Plantarum'' 1:101. Laurentii Salvii. (see ''External Links'' below).〕 This generic name is derived from two Greek words, ''hedys'', "sweet", and ''otos'', "ear", in reference to the sweet-scented, ear-shaped leaves of some species.〔Umberto Quattrocchi. 2000. ''CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names'' volume II. CRC Press: Boca Raton; New York; Washington,DC;, USA. London, UK. ISBN 978-0-8493-2676-9.〕 ''Hedyotis'' was formerly defined very broadly by some authors, and included species now placed in ''Oldenlandia'', ''Oldenlandiopsis'', ''Houstonia'', ''Kadua'', and other genera. It is now circumscribed more narrowly, as a monophyletic group that is closely related to ''Agathisanthemum''.〔Jesper Kårehed, Inge Groeninckx, Steven Dessein, Timothy J. Motley, and Birgitta Bremer. 2008. "The phylogenetic utility of chloroplast and nuclear DNA markers and the phylogeny of the Rubiaceae tribe Spermacoceae". ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' 49(3):843-866. 〕 Species include: *''Hedyotis acuminata'' *''Hedyotis cookiana'' *''Hedyotis coriacea'' *''Hedyotis degeneri'' *''Hedyotis diffusa'' *''Hedyotis flynnii'' *''Hedyotis lawsoniae'' *''Hedyotis lessertiana'' *''Hedyotis littoralis'' *''Hedyotis mannii'' *''Hedyotis parvula'' *''Hedyotis purpurea'' *''Hedyotis schlechtendahliana'' *''Hedyotis st.-johnii'' *''Hedyotis terminalis'' *''Hedyotis vegrandis'' *''Hedyotis verticillaris'' ==Research== In the traditional medicine, over 20 ''Hedyotis'' species have been used for treatment of diseases and in healing practices. The most popular among these are ''Hedyotis diffusa'' and ''Hedyotis corymbosa'' which are active principles in several Chinese remedies such as , and feibao syrup. They are taken for treatment of cancers, infections and other diseases. Phytochemical investigation of Hedyotis species was first published in 1933 upon examining the active components of the medicinal plant ''H. auricularia''.〔Ahmad NHLaR: Phytochemical studies and pharmacological activities of plants in genus Hedyotis/Oldenlandia Studies in Natural Products Chemistry 2006, 33(13):1057-1090.〕 Since then, over 50 novel compounds have been isolated from various member of the ''Hedyotis'' genus. These compounds have highly divergent structures including alkaloids, anthraquinones, flavonoids, iridoids, triterpenoids, sterols, lignans and a number of other compounds.〔 Recently, two novel biological active peptides, hedyotide B1 and B2 (hedyotide = hedyotis + peptide), have been isolated from the ariel parts of the medicinal plant ''Hedyotis biflora''.〔Nguyen GK, Zhang S, Wang W, Wong CT, Nguyen NT, Tam JP: Discovery of a linear cyclotide from the bracelet subfamily and its disulfide mapping by top-down mass spectrometry. J Biol Chem. http://www.jbc.org/content/early/2011/10/06/jbc.M111.290296.abstract〕 ''H. biflora'' is a small annual herb traditionally used to treat body pain in fever and malaria. Both hedyotide B1 and B2 belong to the cyclotide superfamily which was known to be an important part of plant innate defense. Hedyotide B1 has a cyclic-cystine-knot motif and displayed potent broad-spectrum activities against many bacteria including ''E. coli, S. salivarius, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, B. cereus and B. megaterium''.〔Wong CTT, Taichi M, Nishio H, Nishiuchi Y, Tam JP: Optimal Oxidative Folding of the Novel Antimicrobial Cyclotide from Hedyotis biflora Requires High Alcohol Concentrations. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2011, 50(33):7275-7283.〕 Hedyotide B1 and cyclotides are likely to exerted their antimicrobial actions by disrupting the bacteria membranes which eventually leads to cell death. As they target directly bacterial membranes. it is unlikely for bacteria to develop resistance. Therefore, hedyotide B1 with a novel mode of action has potential as a novel antimicrobial agent against drug-resistance bacteria. The genus ''Pleiocraterium'' was erected with ''Hedyotis verticillaris'' moved to it as ''P. verticillare'' along with the species, ''P. plantaginifolium'' (Arn.) Bremek. from Sri Lanka, P.sumatranum Bremek. and P. gentianifolium Bremek. both of Sumatra by Bremekamp. Molecular phylogenetic studies however have found this genus to nest within other representatives of the genus ''Hedyotis'' with little support for a separate genus. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hedyotis」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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