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A ''heerlijkheid'' (a Dutch word; pl. ''heerlijkheden''; also called ''heerschap'') was a landed estate that served as the lowest administrative and judicial unit in rural areas in the Dutch-speaking Low Countries before 1800. It originated as a unit of lordship under the feudal system during the Middle Ages. The English equivalents are ''manor'', ''seigniory'', and ''lordship''.〔. The translation used by J.L. Price in ''Dutch Society 1588-1713'' is "manor"; by David Nicholas in ''Medieval Flanders'' is "seigneury".〕 The ''heerlijkheid'' system was the Dutch version of manorialism that prevailed in the Low Countries and was the precursor to the modern municipality system in the Netherlands and Flemish Belgium.〔The unreferrenced information in this article has been translated from the mostly unfootnoted article on "heerlijkheid" on the Dutch version of Wikipedia.〕〔Much of the unreferrenced information in this article is found at this website: (Heerlijkheden van Holland ) (in Dutch only)〕 ==Characteristics and types== A typical ''heerlijkheid'' manor consisted of a village and the surrounding lands extending out for a kilometre or so. Taking 18th-century Wassenaar as an example of a large ''hoge heerlijkheid'', it was 3,612 morgens in size and had 297 houses. Nearby Voorschoten was 1,538 morgens in size and had 201 houses. Nootdorp was an ''ambachtsheerlijkheid'' of 196 morgens and 58 houses.〔(Heerlijkheden van Holland ) (in Dutch only)〕 There were 517 ''heerlijkheden'' in the province of Holland in the 18th century. All fell into the last three categories in the list below (except for a few for which this information is unknown). Not all ''heerlijkheden'' were the same. They differed in size and composition.〔 Also, a ''heerlijkheid'' should not be confused with a larger territory like a county (''graafschap'') or viscounty (''burggraafschap''), nor with administrative regions on par with an English shire, Dutch ''gouw'', German ''Gau'', or Roman or Carolingian ''pagus''. A Flemish castellany (''kasselrij'' or ''burggraafschap'') was larger and different from a ''heerlijkheid'', but they were similar in some ways.〔 pp. 47, 50, 88, 106, 159, 341〕 There were different kinds of ''heerlijkheid'': * ''vrijheerlijkheid'' — an allod or allodium. These ''heerlijkheden'' were found usually at the edges of a county and were called ‘free’ (''vrij'') because they were allodial instead of a fief held by an overlord.〔pp. 70-102〕 * ''erfheerlijkheid'' — a feudal barony. * ''hoge heerlijkheid'' — a great barony or ‘honour’, either a fief or allodium. In these large lordships, the lord had jurisdiction to appoint a bailiff (''baljuw'') instead of just a reeve (''schout''), and to administer capital punishment. It was possible for a ''heerlijkheid'' to be both prescriptive (''vrij'') and large (''hoge''). The largest were actually mini-counties within the county.〔 * ''ambacht'' or ''ambachtsheerlijkheid'' — a serjeanty, often located inland rather than on the borders. Serjeanties sometimes consisted of nothing more than a castle and a few hectares of land, although most were larger than this.〔 The serjeant did not have the power of ‘pit and gallows’, i.e., the power to impose the death penalty. * ''schoutsambt'' — the territory under a reeve (''schout''), thus equivalent to the jurisdiction of a ''heerlijkheid'' 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Heerlijkheid」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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