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Heerschild
The ''Heerschild'' (〔Stieber, Joachim. W. (1978). ''Pope Eugenius IV, the Council of Basel and the Secular and Ecclesiastical Authorities in the Empire'', E.J. Brill, Leiden, p. 124. ISBN 90-04-05240-2〕), also called the shield of knighthood,〔Birnbaum, Henrik M. et al. (ed.) (1976). ''Viator Medieval and Renaissance Studies, Volume 1'', Univ. of California Press, Berkeley and L.A., London, p. 213. ISBN 978-0-520-03136-4〕 in the Early Middle Ages was the right to raise a feudal levy of troops. The call to do so was the ''Heerbann''. The resulting importance of a system of military ranks, based on the ability to provide men for a campaign, became modified in the law books published in the 13th century. It finally ended up as being an important part of the structure of medieval society, as captured in the feudal law element of the ''Sachsenspiegel'' by Eike von Repgow.
The ''Sachsenspiegel'', the Saxon law book, portrays the society of the medieval empire as divided into seven feudal military levels or ''Heerschilde'' (lit.: "army shields"). This ''Heerschildordnung'' was a scale determining a nobleman's status and was not based on military criteria.〔Mitterauer, Michael, tr. by Chapple, Gerald. (2010). ''Why Europe?: The Medieval Origins of Its Special Path'', Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, p. 122. ISBN 978-0-226-53253-0〕 The first ''Heerschild'' was the king or emperor as the supreme overlord. This was followed by the second "shield", formed by the ecclesiastical princes - the bishops and abbots - of the empire. The third level comprised the secular or lay princes, who, in turn, sat above the "free lords" (''freie Herren''), i.e. nobles who were not princes, of the fourth stratum. The fifth and sixth ''Heerschilde'' were formed by freeman, whether eligible for jury service (''schöffenbar'') or not, in other words commoners who were able to act as magistrates (5th level) or not (6th level). As to the seventh level, the ''Sachsenspiegel'' remains vague, both in terms its composition, as well as whether it was in any real sense a ''Heerschild''. Based on this division of society, the ''Sachsenspiegel'' then dealt with the feudal law rights and obligations of each ''Heerschild''.
== References ==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「Heerschild」の詳細全文を読む
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