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The Hyksos ( or ;〔()〕 Egyptian ''heqa khaseshet'', "ruler(s) of the foreign countries"; Greek , ) were a mixed group of Asiatic people from Western Asia who took over the eastern Nile Delta, ending the Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt and initiating the Second Intermediate Period.〔Redford D., ''Egypt, Canaan and Israel in ancient times'', 1992〕 Important Canaan populations first appeared in Egypt towards the end of the 12th Dynasty c. 1800 BC, and either around that time or c. 1720 BC, formed an independent realm in the eastern Nile Delta.〔 The Canaanite rulers of the Delta, regrouped in the 14th Dynasty, coexisted with the Egyptian 13th Dynasty, based in Itjtawy. The power of the 13th and 14th Dynasties progressively waned, perhaps due to famine and plague,〔K.S.B. Ryholt: ''The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c.1800–1550 BC'', Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications, vol. 20. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997, (excerpts available online here. )〕〔Manfred Bietak: ''Egypt and Canaan During the Middle Bronze Age'', BASOR 281 (1991), pp. 21-72 see in particular p. 38〕 and c. 1650 BC both were invaded by the Hyksos, who formed their own dynasty, the 15th Dynasty. The collapse of the 13th Dynasty created a power vacuum in the south, which may have led to the rise of the 16th Dynasty, based in Thebes, and possibly of a local dynasty in Abydos.〔 Both were eventually conquered by the Hyksos, albeit for a short time in the case of Thebes. From then on, the 17th Dynasty took control of Thebes and reigned for some time in peaceful coexistence with the Hyksos kings, perhaps as their vassals. Eventually, Seqenenre Tao, Kamose and Ahmose waged war against the Hyksos and expelled Khamudi, their last king, from Egypt c. 1550 BC.〔 The Hyksos practiced horse burials, and their chief deity, their native storm god, the west-Semitic Baal, became associated with the Egyptian storm and desert god, Seth.〔 The Hyksos were a people of mixed Asiatic origin with mainly Semitic components.〔 Although some scholars have suggested that the Hyksos contained a Hurrian component, this possibility has been dismissed by most other scholars. The Hurrians spoke an isolated language, but were under Indo-European rule and influence,〔 and Hurrian etymologies have been suggested for some Hyksos names while Indo-European etymologies have been suggested for a very few names.〔〔 If a Hurrian component did indeed exist among the Hyksos, an Indo-European component is difficult to explain, as Indo-European peoples only became a significant influence upon Hurrians in Syria after the Hyksos were well-established in Egypt.〔〔 The Hyksos brought several technical improvements to Egypt, as well as cultural infusions such as new musical instruments and foreign loan words. The changes introduced include new techniques of bronze working and pottery, new breeds of animals, and new crops.〔 In warfare, they introduced the horse and chariot,〔p5. 'The Encyclopedia of Military History' (4th edition 1993), Dupuy & Dupuy.〕 the composite bow, improved battle axes, and advanced fortification techniques.〔 Because of these cultural advances, Hyksos rule was decisive for Egypt’s later empire in the Middle East.〔 == Origins of the Hyksos == (詳細はxAswt ) ("rulers () foreign lands"), used in Egyptian texts such as the ''Turin King List'' to describe the rulers of neighbouring lands. This expression begins to appear as early as the late Old Kingdom in Egypt, referring to various Nubian chieftains, and in the Middle Kingdom, referring to the Semitic chieftains of Syria and Canaan. The German Egyptologist Wolfgang Helck once argued that the Hyksos were part of massive and widespread Hurrian and Indo-Aryan migrations into the Near East. According to Helck, the Hyksos were Hurrians and part of a Hurrian empire that, he claimed, extended over much of Western Asia during this period. Most scholars have rejected this theory, and Helck himself has now abandoned this hypothesis in a 1993 article.〔see W. Helck's ''Orientalia'' 62 (1993) "Das Hyksosproblem" pp.60–66 paper〕 Modern scholarship usually assumes that the Hyksos were likely Semites who came from the Levant. Kamose, the last king of the Theban 17th Dynasty, refers to Apophis as a "Chieftain of Retjenu (i.e., Canaan)" in a stela that implies a Semitic Canaanite background for this Hyksos king: this is the strongest evidence for a Canaanite background for the Hyksos. Khyan's name "has generally been interpreted as Amorite "Hayanu" (reading ''h-ya-a-n'') which the Egyptian form represents perfectly, and this is in all likelihood the correct interpretation."〔Ryholt, Kim S.B.. ''The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period c.1800-1550 B.C.'', Museum Tuscalanum Press (1997) p.128.〕 Kim Ryholt furthermore observes the name Hayanu is recorded in the Assyrian king-lists for a "remote ancestor" of Shamshi-Adad I (c. 1813 BC) of Assyria, which suggests that it had been used for centuries prior to Khyan's own reign.〔Ryholt, p.128〕 The issue of Sakir-Har's name, one of the three earliest 15th Dynasty kings, also leans towards a West Semitic or Canaanite origin for the Hyksos rulers—if not the Hyksos peoples themselves. As Ryholt notes, the name Sakir-Har: As to a Hyksos “conquest”, some archaeologists depict the Hyksos as “northern hordes . . . sweeping through Canaan and Egypt in swift chariots”. Yet, others refer to a ‘creeping conquest’, that is, a gradual infiltration of migrating nomads or seminomads who either slowly took over control of the country piecemeal or by a swift coup d’etat put themselves at the head of the existing government. In ''The World of the Past'' (1963, p. 444), archeologist Jacquetta Hawkes stated: “It is no longer thought that the Hyksos rulers... represent the invasion of a conquering horde of Asiatics... they were wandering groups of Semites who had long come to Egypt for trade and other peaceful purposes.” However, since then, it has been acknowledged by Egyptologists that the 14th Dynasty came for trade purposes while the 15th (the Hyksos) came in war. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hyksos」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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