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Heliaia
Heliaia or Heliaea (; Doric: Ἁλία ''Halia'') was the supreme court of ancient Athens. Τhe view generally held among scholars is that the court drew its name from the ancient Greek verb , which means , namely ''congregate''. Another version is that the court took its name from the fact that the hearings were taking place outdoors, under the sun. Heliaia was also called big ecclesia. Initially, this was the name of the place where the hearings were convoked, but later this appellation included the court as well.〔''The Helios''〕
The judges were called ''heliasts'' () or ''dikasts'' (, = those who have sworn, namely the jurors). The operation of judging was called ().
==Institution and composition of Heliaia==
It is not clear whether Heliaia was instituted by Cleisthenes or Solon, but it seems that the latter initiated a function of the Assembly to sit as an appeals court.〔Aristotle, ( Constitution of Athens, 9.1 ) and (Archaic Times to the End of the Peloponnesian War, Cambridge University Press, page 209 )〕 The court had 6,000 members, chosen annually by lot〔Aristotle, (Constitution of Athens, 63.1 ) and (Archaic Times to the End of the Peloponnesian War, Cambridge University Press, page 209 )〕 among all the male citizens over 30 years old, unless they were in debt to the Treasury or disfranchised, namely deprived of their civil rights through the humiliating punishment of atimia ().〔Aristotle, (Constitution of Athens, 63.3 )〕 Those suffering from intellectual or corporeal flaws were also excepted, if their shortages prevented them from fully perceiving the proceedings. If any unqualified person participated in a jury, then information was laid against him and he was brought before the Heliaia. If convicted the court could assess against him whatever punishment or fine he is thought to deserve. If the punishment was a money fine, then the infringer had to go to prison until he had paid both the former debt, for which the information was laid, and whatever additional sum had been imposed on him as a fine by the court.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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