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Helicobacter
''Helicobacter'' is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria possessing a characteristic helical shape. They were initially considered to be members of the ''Campylobacter'' genus, but in 1989 Goodwin et al. published sufficient reasons to justify his new genus name of ''Helicobacter''. The ''Helicobacter'' genus contains about 35 species.
Some species have been found living in the lining of the upper gastrointestinal tract, as well as the liver of mammals and some birds. The most widely known species of the genus is ''H. pylori'', which infects up to 50% of the human population.〔 Some strains of this bacterium are pathogenic to humans, as they are strongly associated with peptic ulcers, chronic gastritis, duodenitis, and stomach cancer. It also serves as the type species of the genus.
''Helicobacter'' species are able to thrive in the very acidic mammalian stomach by producing large quantities of the enzyme urease, which locally raises the pH from about 2 to a more biocompatible range of 6 to 7. Bacteria belonging to this genus are usually susceptible to antibiotics such as penicillin, are microaerophilic (optimal oxygen concentration between 5 and 14%) capnophiles, and are fast-moving with their flagella.
==Molecular signatures==
Comparative genomic analysis has led to the identification of 11 proteins which are uniquely found in the Helicobacteraceae. Of these proteins, seven are found in all species of the family, while the remaining four are not found in any ''Helicobacter'' strains and are unique to ''Wollinella''. Additionally, a rare genetic event has led to the fusion of the ''rpoB'' and ''rpoC'' genes in this family, which is characteristic of them.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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