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Helvetisms (New Latin ''Helvetia'' "Switzerland" and ''-ism'') are features distinctive of Swiss Standard German, that distinguish it from Standard German. The most frequent Helvetisms are in vocabulary and pronunciation, but there are some features of syntax and orthography as well. The French spoken in Switzerland has similar terms, which are also known as Helvetisms. Current French dictionaries, such as the Petit Larousse, include several hundred helvetisms. ==Background== The definitive work for German orthography, the Duden, explicitly declares a number of helvetisms as correct Standard German - albeit with the ''()'' annotation, denoting that the usage of the word is limited to Switzerland. However, not all words may be considered part of the "Swiss standard language"/"Swiss standard German" category, because frequency of usage must be evaluated as well; if this does not apply, or if a word's use is known to span only one or more specific dialectal regions, the word must be categorized "dialectal" (German: ''mundartlich'', often abbreviated ''mdal.'') In orthographical terms, the most significant difference to Standard German outside Switzerland is the absence of ß. (After having been officially abandoned in the Canton of Zürich in 1935, this character gradually fell into disuse, until it was eventually dropped by the ''Neue Zürcher Zeitung'' in 1974.) In everyday language, Helvetisms may be used both consciously and unconsciously by a Swiss German native speaker. Classic examples of Helvetism usage throughout entire literary works are found in a large part of Swiss literature, notably Jeremias Gotthelf's novels located in the Emmental; a contemporary example would be Tim Krohn in his ''Quatemberkinder''. Another group, the most notable of whom is Peter Bichsel, deliberately use Helvetisms to arouse a sort of emotional attachment to the readers' home country: Bichsel is notorious for using dialectal words like ''"Beiz"'' (instead of "Kneipe" (''pub'' )), or ''"Kasten"'' (instead of "Schrank" (''cupboard/cabinet/closet'' )) in his "San Salvador" short story. Lastly, there is yet another group of authors whose readers are known to be located all over the German-speaking territory (Germany, Austria, Switzerland as well as some smaller minorities in other European countries) and therefore traditionally refrain from using any Helvetisms in their literary works. In addition, words which are used outside Switzerland, but which originate from Swiss German may be called "Helvetisms." Analogously to "Helvetisms", there are also Austricisms and Germanisms (also ''Teutonicisms''). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Helvetism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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