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Hengist (or Hengest) and Horsa (or Hors) are figures of Anglo-Saxon history, which records the two as the Germanic brothers who led the Angle, Saxon, Frisian, and Jutish armies that conquered the first territories of Britain in the 5th century. Tradition lists Hengist (through his son, whose name varies by source) as the founder of the Kingdom of Kent. Hengist and Horsa are attested in Bede's 8th-century ''Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum''; in the 9th-century ''Historia Brittonum'', attributed to Nennius; and in the ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'', a collection of annals compiled from the end of the 9th century. Geoffrey of Monmouth greatly expanded the story in his influential 12th-century pseudohistory ''Historia Regum Britanniae'', which was adapted into several other languages. As a result, the pair appear in various other later works. Notably, Hengist is also briefly mentioned in the ''Prose Edda'', written by Snorri Sturluson in the 13th century. According to these sources Hengist and Horsa arrived in Britain as mercenaries serving Vortigern, King of the Britons. This event is traditionally recognised as the beginning of the Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britain. Sources disagree about whether Hengist was the father or grandfather of Oisc of Kent and Octa of Kent, one of whom succeeded Hengist as king. In the ''Historia Brittonum'' Hengist had an unnamed daughter (''Historia Regum Britanniae'' first gave her name as Rowena) who seduced Vortigern, eventually leading to the Treachery of the Long Knives when Hengist's men massacred the Britons at a peace accord. While the early sources indicate that Horsa died fighting the Britons, no details are provided about Hengist's death until Geoffrey's ''Historia'', which states that Hengist was beheaded by Eldol, the British duke of Gloucester, and buried in an unlocated mound. A figure named Hengest, who may be identifiable with the leader of British legend, appears in the ''Finnesburg Fragment'' and in ''Beowulf''. In present-day Northern Germany, horse head gables, or gable signs adorned with two rampant horse figures, were referred to as "Hengist and Hors" up until the late 19th century. Other founding horse-associated twin brothers are attested among various other Germanic peoples, and appear in other Indo-European cultures. As a result, scholars have theorized a pan-Germanic mythological origin for Hengist and Horsa, stemming originally from divine twins found in Proto-Indo-European religion. In older scholarship, the scholar J. R. R. Tolkien and others have argued for a historical basis for Hengist. ==Etymology== The Old English names ''Hengest'' and ''Horsa'' mean "stallion" and "horse" respectively.〔Mallory (2005:135).〕 The original Old English word for a horse was ''eoh''. ''Eoh'' derives from the Proto-Indo-European base '' *ekwo'', hence Latin ''equus'' which gave rise to the modern English words ''equine'' and ''equestrian''. ''Hors'' is derived from the Proto-Indo-European base '' *kurs'', which also gave rise to ''hurry, carry, harry, hurrah'' and ''current''. ''Hors'' eventually replaced ''eoh'', fitting a pattern elsewhere in Germanic languages where the original names of sacred animals are abandoned in favour of adjectives; for example, the word ''bear''. While the ''Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum'' and the ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'' refer to the brother as ''Horsa'', in the ''Historia Brittonum'' his name is simply ''Hors''. It has been suggested that Horsa may be a hypocorism for a compound name whose first element was ''hors''.〔Tolkien (2006:173).〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hengist and Horsa」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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