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Henriad
''Henriad'' is a common title used by scholars for Shakespeare's second historical tetralogy, comprising ''Richard II''; ''Henry IV, Part 1''; ''Henry IV, Part 2''; and ''Henry V''.〔http://plays.about.com/od/plays/a/Best-Of-Shakespeare-Number-One-Play.htm〕〔http://www.empireonline.com/forum/tm.asp?m=3359966〕 The plays depict the destabilising effects of the violation of political continuity with the overthrow of Richard II of England followed by the growth of Henry V of England from a wild youth to a great war leader in ''Henry V''. Although it was the second tetralogy to be written and performed, the subject matter comes chronologically before the first tetralogy comprising the three ''Henry VI'' plays and ''Richard III''. The term "Henriad" derives from the Classical epics the ''Iliad'' and ''Aeneid''.
References to these four plays as the ''Henriad'' can be found widely in literature on them.〔''The BBC's Henriad''; Literature/Film Quarterly 21; 1993〕〔''Shakespeare on Screen: The Henriad'', edited by Sara Hatchuel and Nathalie Vienne-Guerrin; Publications des Universites de Rouen et du Havre, 2008〕〔''Metadrama in Shakespeare's Henriad'', by James Calderwood, University of California Press, 1979〕〔''Crisis of Degree in Shakespeare's Henriad'', by Laurie E. Osbourne, Vol. 25, No. 2, Elizabethan and Jacobean Drama, 1985〕 The scope of the term ''Henriad'', however, is up for debate; that is, some scholars include Shakespeare's first tetralogy, comprising plays ''Henry VI, Part 1''; ''Henry VI, Part 2''; ''Henry VI, Part 3''; and ''Richard III'' in the ''Henriad''. Though ''The Merry Wives of Windsor'' is set in the same period of history and includes many of the ''Henriad'' characters, it does not include Henry himself, and is typically seen as a separate work.〔Stanton, K., "Shakespeare's quantum physics", ''The Merry Wives of Windsor: New Critical Essays'', Routledge, 2014, p.83ff.〕
==Distinctiveness==
While it is not known whether Shakespeare conceived of the plays as a cycle, these plays are often interpreted and performed in relation to each other, since they represent a continuous period of English history using recurring characters and including direct references to previous plays. While ''Julius Caesar'' and ''Antony and Cleopatra'' also contain recurring characters (the members of the Second triumvirate), the two plays are very different in style and are believed to have been written a decade apart. In contrast, the Henriad plays are believed to have been written in a continuous sequence. The Henriad is also unique as both historical and fictional characters are carried over from one play to the next. In Shakespeare's earlier ''Henry VI'' tetrology only historical characters were continued across plays, following the real events being dramatised. The Henriad combines historical "high" characters with "lower" figures from various social classes, from the wealthy squire Robert Shallow to innkeepers, tapsters, criminals, and prostitute Doll Tearsheet.
The principal fictional characters of the Henriad also appear in ''The Merry Wives of Windsor''. This play is not typically included within the Henriad itself, as it is unrelated to the unfolding historical narrative of the main plays. However, it is believed to have been written at the same time.
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