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Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke
Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke (, 16 September 1678 – 12 December 1751) was an English politician, government official and political philosopher. He was a leader of the Tories, and supported the Church of England politically despite his antireligious views and opposition to theology.〔See ''e.g.'', Henry St. John Viscount Bolingbroke, "Letters or Essays Addressed to Alexander Pope: Introduction," (''The Works of Lord Bolingbroke: With a Life, Prepared Expressly for This Edition, Containing Additional Information Relative to His Personal and Public Character,'' ) (Philadelphia: Carey and Hart, 1841) Vol 3, pp. 40-64. Also available on Project Gutenberg as "Letter to Alexander Pope" in ( ''Letters to Sir William Windham and Mr. Pope ).〕〔D'Holbach, Baron. ( Good Sense ) paragraph 206〕〔( The philosophical works of Lord Bolingbroke ) Volume 2, p. 287〕〔Allen, Brooke, ''Moral Minority'' p. 75〕〔Voltaire, ''God and Human Beings'' pg.64, 80, 104〕 In 1715 he supported the Jacobite rebellion of 1715 which sought to overthrow the new king George I. Escaping to France he became foreign minister for the Pretender. He was attainted for treason, but reversed course and was allowed to return to England in 1723. He is best known as the philosopher of the Country Party.
== Early life ==
Henry St John was most likely born at Lydiard Tregoze, the family seat in Wiltshire, and christened in Battersea.〔H. T. Dickinson, ''Bolingbroke'' (London: Constable, 1970), p. 2.〕 St John was the son of Sir Henry St John, 4th Baronet later 1st Viscount St John, and Lady Mary Rich, daughter of the 2nd Earl of Warwick. Although it has been asserted that St John was educated at Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford, his name does not appear on registers for either institution and there is no evidence to support either claim.〔Dickinson, pp. 2-3.〕 It is possible he was educated at a Dissenting academy.〔Dickinson, pp. 3-4.〕
He travelled to France, Switzerland and Italy during 1698 and 1699 and acquired an exceptional knowledge of French. St John made friends with the Whigs James Stanhope and Edward Hopkins and corresponded with the Tory Sir William Trumball, who advised him: "There appears indeed amongst us (England ) a strong disposition to liberty, but neither honesty nor virtue enough to support it".
Oliver Goldsmith reported that he had been seen to "run naked through the park in a state of intoxication". Swift, his intimate friend, said that he wanted to be thought the Alcibiades or Petronius of his age, and to mix licentious orgies with the highest political responsibilities. In 1700, he married Frances, daughter of Sir Henry Winchcombe of Bucklebury, Berkshire, but this made little difference to his lifestyle.
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